Características antropométricas e fisiológicas de ultramaratonistas amadores

Guilherme Lisboa de Serpa; André Luís Lima Correia; Robson Salviano de Matos; Mirella da Silva Vasconcelos; Ana Karla Felipe da Silva; Ana Karênina Sá Fernandes; Adriano César Carneiro Loureiro

doi:10.52521/nutrivisa.v12i1.15298

Authors

Guilherme Lisboa de Serpa Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-8911
André Luís Lima Correia Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8666-0189
Robson Salviano de Matos Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1349-8170
Mirella da Silva Vasconcelos Universidade Estadual do Ceará https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3179-1982
Ana Karla Felipe da Silva Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8400-7278
Ana Karênina Sá Fernandes Universidade Estadual do Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8200-0335
Adriano César Carneiro Loureiro Universidade Estadual do Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9681-1945

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52521/nutrivisa.v12i1.15298

Keywords:

ultramarathon; anthropometry; physiology.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric and physiological profile of amateur ultramarathon athletes. The sample consisted of 13 male amateur athletes aged 21 to 60. Anthropometric, biochemical and ventilatory assessments were performed. Regarding the anthropometric assessment, the average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the sample was classified as overweight, while the body fat percentage (%BF) of the sample was considered above the recommended range. The sample presented, at rest, mean values of Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Oxygen Consumption (VO₂) within normal limits. Biochemical analyzes resulted in lactate, glucose, cortisol and creatinine within recommended parameters. In this study, the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of amateur ultramarathon runners correspond to the profile obtained in other studies with similar samples.

References

ARAKAWA, K.; HOSONO, A.; SHIBATA, K.; GHADIMI, R.; FUKU, M.; GOTO, C.; IMAEDA, N.; TOKUDOME, Y.; HOSHINO, H.; MARUMOTO, M.; KOBAYASHI, M.; SUZUKI, S.; TOKUDOME, S. Changes in blood biochemical markers before, during, and after a 2-day ultramarathon. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, v. 7, p. 43–50, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S97468.

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA PARA O ESTUDO DA OBESIDADE E DA SÍNDROME METABÓLICA. Diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade. 4. ed. São Paulo: ABESO, 2016.

AINSWORTH, B.; HASKELL, WILLIAM L.; HERRMANN, S.; MECKES, N.; BASSETT JR, D.R.; TUDOR-LOCKE, C.; GREER, J.L; VEZINA, J.; WHITT-GLOVER, M.C.; LEON, A. Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 43, n. 8, p. 1575-1581, 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12.

ARAÚJO, F.M.; VASCONCELOS, H.C.A.; MARINHO N.B.P.; FREITAS R.W.J.F.; DAMASCENO, M.M.; CARAÚJO, M.M.C. Níveis plasmáticos de cortisol em universitários com má qualidade de sono. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 24, n. 1, p. 105-110, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-462X201600010227.

ARRIBALZAGA, M.S.; RUANO, M.; SÁIZ, S. Review of the Food Guidelines in Continuous Ultramarathon. Jounal of Nutrition & Food Sciensce, v. 7, n. 5, p. 1-12, 2017. doi: https://10.4172/2155-9600.1000635.

AZEVEDO, L.F.; BRUM, P.C.; ROSEMBLATT, D.; PERLINGEIRO, P.S.; BARRETTO, A.C.P.; NEGRÃO, C.E.; JANOT DE MATOS, L.D.N. Cardiac and Metabolic Characteristics of Long Distance Runners of the Sport and Exercise Cardiology Outpatient Facility of a Tertiary Hospital. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, v. 88, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100003.

BARANDUN, U.; KNECHTLE, B.; KNECHTLE, P.; KLIPSTEIN, A.; RÜST, C. A.; ROSEMANN, T.; LEPERS, R. Running speed during training and percent body fat predict race time in recreational male marathoners. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, v. 3, p. 51-58, 2012. doi: https://doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S33284.

BASSETT, D.R. JR.; HOWLEY, E. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. v.32, n.1, p.70-84, 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.

BELLI, T.; MEIRELES, C.L.S.; COSTA, M.O.; ACKERMANN, M.A.; GOBATTO, C.A. Somatotype, body composition and performance in ultramarathon. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. v.18, n.2, p.127, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p127.

BOSQUET, L.; MONTPETIT, J.; ARVISAIS, D.; MUJIKA, I. Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 39, n. 8, p. 1358–1365, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0.

COCKCROFT, D.; GAULT, M. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. v.16, n.1, p.31-41, 1976. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000180580.

COSTA, R.J.S.; GILL, S.K.; HANKEY, J.; WRIGHT, A.; MARCZAK, S. Perturbed energy balance and hydration status in ultra-endurance runners during a 24 h ultra-marathon. British Journal of Nutrition. v.112, n.3, p.428-437, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514000907.

DIDIER, S.; VAUTHIER, J.C.; GAMBIER, N.; RENAUD, P.; CHENUEL, B.; POUSSEL, M. Substance use and misuse in a mountain ultramarathon: new insight into ultrarunners population? Research in Sports Medicine. v.25, n.2, p.244-251, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2017.1282356.

FLORES, T.G.; MATTOS, K.M. Análise de macronutrientes e índice glicêmico consumidos nas refeições antes, durante e após o treino por atletas de futebol profissional de Camaquã-RS. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva, v. 5, n. 29, 2011.

FOSS, M.L.; FOX, K.S.J. Bases Fisiológicas do Exercício e do Esporte. 6a ed. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 2000.

GAJDA, R.; KLISIEWICZ, A.; MATSIBORA, V.; PIOTROWSKA-KOWNACKA, D.; BIERNACKA, E.K. Heart of the World’s Top Ultramarathon Runner—Not Necessarily Much Different from Normal. Diagnostics. v.10, n.2, p.73, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10020073.

HARI, P.; RAMAKRISHNAN, L.; GUPTA, R.; KUMAR, R.; BAGGA, A. Cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in early chronic kidney disease. Indian Pediatrics. v.51, n.4, p.273-277, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-014-0400-5.

HAWLEY, J.A.; HOCKING, J.; HOLLANDER, J.; POST, H.; STEPHENS, F.B.; ZIERATH, J.R.; COFFEY, V.G. Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. The Journal of Physiology, v. 594, n. 5, p. 1015–1030, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271365.

HERDY, A.H.; CAIXETA, A. Classificação Nacional da Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória pelo Consumo Máximo de Oxigênio. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, v. 106, n. 5, p. 389–395, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20160070.

HERNANDEZ, A. J.; NAHAS, R. M. Modificações dietéticas, reposição hídrica, suplementos alimentares e drogas: comprovação de ação ergogênica e potenciais riscos para a saúde. Rev Bras Med Esporte. v.15, n.3, supl. 0, p.3-12, 2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922009000400001.

HERNANDO, C.; HERNANDO, C.; MARTÍNEZ-NAVARRO, I.; COLLADO-BOIRA, E.; PANIZO, N.; HERNANDO, B. Estimation of energy consumed by middle-aged recreational marathoners during a marathon using accelerometry-based devices. Scientific Reports. v.10, n.1523, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58492-8.

HERNANDO, C.; HERNANDO, C.; PANIZO, N.; COLLADO-BOIRA, E.; FOLCH-AYORA, A.; MARTÍNEZ-NAVARRO, I.; HERNANDO, B. Renal function recovery strategies following marathon in amateur runners. Frontiers in Physiology. v.13, p. 812237, 27, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.812237.

HOFFMAN, M. D. Injuries and health considerations in ultramarathon runners. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. v. 27, n. 1, p. 203-16, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2015.08.004.

IMPELLIZZERI, F.M.; RAMPININI, E.; MARCORA, S.M. Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences. v. 23, n. 6, p. 583-592, 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021278.

JACKSON, A.; POLLOCK, M. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition. v. 40, n. 3, p. 497-504, 1978. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19780152.

JAMES, M.; HEMMELGARN, B.R.; TONELLI, M. Early recognition and prevention of chronic kidney disease. The Lancet, v. 375, n. 9722, p. 1296-1309, 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62004-3.

JASTRZĘBSKI, Z.; ŻYCHOWSKA, M.; JASTRZĘBSKA, M.; PRUSIK, K.; PRUSIK, K.; KORTAS, J.; RATKOWSKI, W.; KONIECZNA, A.; RADZIMIŃSKI, Ł. Changes in blood morphology and chosen biochemical parameters in ultra-marathon runners during a 100-km run in relation to the age and speed of runners. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, v. 29, n. 5, p. 801-814, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00610.

KNECHTLE, B.; NIKOLAIDIS, P.T. Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running. Frontiers in Physiology, v. 9, p. 634, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00634.

LABTEST DIAGNÓSTICA. Intervalos de referência e procedimentos laboratoriais. 2019. Disponível em: URL: https://labtest.com.br/intervalos-de-referencia/

LIPMAN, G.; KRABAK, B.; RUNDELL, S.; SHEA, K.M.; BADOWSKI, N.; LITTLE, C. Incidence and Prevalence of Acute Kidney Injury During Multistage Ultramarathons. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, v. 26, n. 4, p. 314-319, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000253.

LOHMAN, T. G.; ROCHE, A. F.; MARTORELL, R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1988.

MURRAY, A.; COSTA, R. Born to run. Studying the limits of human performance. BMC medicine, v. 10, n. 1, p. 1-3, 2012. doi: https://doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-76.

NEILAN, T.G; JANUZZI, J.L; LEE-LEWANDROWSKI, E.; TON-NU, T.T; YOERGER, D.M; JASSAL, D.S; LEWANDROWSKI, K.B.; SIEGEL, A.J.; MARSHALL, J.E.; DOUGLAS, P.S.; LAWLOR, D.; PICARD, M.H.; WOOD, M.J. Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among nonelite participants in the Boston marathon. Circulation, v. 114, n. 22, p. 2325-2333, 2006. doi: https://doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.647461.

NEVES, G.; STRÖHER, G.; JUNIOR, A.; TAKASHIMA, L.; DE ASSIS, R. Avaliação do consumo de alimentos ricos em antioxidantes e do conhecimento sobre os radicais livres por parte dos acadêmicos de ciências biológicas e enfermagem da FAFIMAN. Revista Diálogos & Saberes, v. 10, n. 1, p. 47-62, 2016.

PISCHON, T.; BOEING, H.; HOFFMANN, K.; BERGMANN, M.; SCHULZE, M.B.; OVERVAD, K.; VAN DER SCHOUW, Y.T.; SPENCER, E.; MOONS, K.G.M.; TJØNNELAND, A.; HALKJAER, J.; JENSEN, M.K.; STEGGER, J.; CLAVEL-CHAPLELON, F.; BOUETON-RUAULT, M.C.; CHAJES, V.; LINSEISEN, J.; KAAKS, R.; TRICHOPOULOU, A.; TRICHOPOULOS, D.; BAMIA, C.; SIERI, S.; PALLI, D.; TUMINO, R.; VINEIS, P.; PANICO, S.; PEETERS, P.H.M.; MAY, A.M.; BUENO-DE-MESQUITA, H. B.; VAN DUIJNHOVEN, F.J.B.; HALLMANS, G.; WEINEHALL, L.; MANJER, J.; HEDBLAD, B.; LUND, E.; AGUDO, A.; ARRIOLA, L.; BARRICARTE, A.; NAVARRO, C.; MARTINEZ, C.; QUIRÓS, J.R.; KEY, T.; BINGHAM, Sheila; KHAW, K.T.; BOFFETTA, P.; JENAB, M.; FERRARI, P.; RIBOLI, E. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 359, n. 20, p. 2105-2120, 2008. doi: https://doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801891.

ROUQUAYROL, M.Z. Rio de Janeiro. Epidemiologia e Saúde. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Medsi, 2003.

SAMESIMA, N.; GOD, E.G.; KRUSE, J.C.L.; LEAL, M.G.; PINHO, C.; FRANÇA, F.F.A. C; PIMENTA, J.; CARDOSO, A.F; PAIXÃO, A.; FONSECA, A.; PÉREZ-RIERA, A.R.; RIBEIRO, A.L.P.; MADALOSO, B.A.; LUNA FILHO, B.; OLIVEIRA, C.A.R.; GRUPI, C.J.; MOREIRA, D.A.R.; KAISER, E.; PAIXÃO, G.M.M.; FEITOSA FILHO, G.; PEREIRA FILHO, H.G.; GRINDLER, J.; AZIZ, J.L; MOLINA, M.S.; FACIN, M.; TOBIAS, N.M.M.O.; OLIVEIRA, P.A.; SANCHES, P.C.R; TEIXEIRA, R.A.; ATANES, S.M; PASTORE, C.A. Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre a Análise e Emissão de Laudos Eletrocardiográficos – 2022. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia., v. 119, n. 4, p. 638-680, 2022. doi: https://doi:10.36660/abc.20220846.

SCHEER, V.; TILLER, N. B.; DOUTRELEAU, S.; KHODAEE, M.; KNECHTLE, B.; PASTERNAK, A.; ROJAS-VALVERDE, D. Potential long-term health problems associated with ultra-endurance running: a narrative review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), v.52, n.4, p.725–740, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01561-3.

SHIN, K.; PARK, K.D.; AHN, J.; PARK, Y.; KIM, Y.J. Comparison of Changes in Biochemical Markers for Skeletal Muscles, Hepatic Metabolism, and Renal Function after Three Types of Long-distance Running: Observational Study. Medicine (Baltimore), v. 95, n. 20, e3657, 2016. doi: https://10.1097/MD.0000000000003657.

SIERRA, A.P.R.; SILVEIRA, A.D.; FRANCISCO, R.C.; BARRETTO, R.B.M.; SIERRA, C.A.; MENEGHELO, R.S.; KISS, M.A.P.D.M.; GHORAYEB, N.; STEIN, R. Reduction in Post-Marathon Peak Oxygen Consumption: Sign of Cardiac Fatigue in Amateur Runners? Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, v. 106, n. 2, p. 92-96, 2016. doi: https://doi:10.5935/abc.20150148.

SIMÕES, K.; MAGOSSO, R.F.; LAGOEIRO, C.G.; CASTELLAN, V.T.; SILVA, N.S.; SCRIVANTE, B.F.; QUALHATO, G.; FIGUEIREDO, A.C.R; BENETTI, E.J.; REBELO, A.C.S. Action of lycopene on the cardiac and skeletal muscles under oxidative stress by exercises Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, v.20, n. 2, p. 105-109, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922014200201518.

SIRI, W. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. Washington National Academic of Science. v. 9, n.5, p. 480-491, 1993.

TIRABASSI, J.; OLEWINSKI, L.; KHODAEE, M. Variation of Traditional Biomarkers of Liver Injury After an Ultramarathon at Altitude. Observational Study Sports Health, v. 10, n. 4, p. 361-365, 2018. doi: https://doi:10.1177/1941738118764870.

VIEIRA, A. Alterações hormonais, imunológicas e fisiológicas durante o estado de overtraining. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva, v. 1, n. 2, p. 23-29, 2007.

WOŁYNIEC, W.; RATKOWSKI, W.; KASPROWICZ, K.; MAŁGORZEWICZ, S.; ALEKSANDROWICZ, E.; ZDROJEWSKI, T.; WIERUCKI, Ł.; PUCH-WALCZAK, A.; ŻMIJEWSKI, P.; RENKE, M. Factors influencing post-exercise proteinuria after marathon and ultramarathon races. Biology of Sport, v. 37, n. 1, p. 33-40, 2020. doi: https://doi:10.5114/biolsport.2020.89939.

YEAGER, M.P.; PIOLI, P.A.; GUYRE, P.M. Cortisol exerts bi-phasic regulation of inflammation in humans. Dose-Response, v. 9, n. 3, 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.10-013.Yeager