Revisão crítica da definição clássica da raiva: Uma defesa da abordagem pluralista

Leticia da Silva Bello

Authors

Leticia da Silva Bello Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)

Keywords:

raiva, emoções, Justiça, retribuição, Reconhecimento

Abstract

I argue that, in contexts of social oppression, anger commonly does not aim at retribution, but rather at recognition. I present a critique of the retributive definition of anger, advocated by Aristotle (2009) and Nussbaum (2016), as I understand it fails to adequately explain the complex expression of anger elaborated in this text. I expose Silva's (2021a) pluralistic definition, applying it to anger’s defenses by Frye (1983), Leboeuf (2018), hooks (1995) and Lorde (1997), demonstrating that they point towards an anger devoid of the desire for retribution. I then suggest that the retributive definition be rejected and replaced by the pluralistic one.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

THINGS I HATE ABOUT YOU. Direção de Gil Junger. Produção de Andrew Lazar. Estados Unidos da América: Touchstone Pictures, 1999.

ARISTÓTELES. Retórica. São Paulo: Edipro, 2019.

BELL, Macalester. Anger, Virtue and Oppression. In: TESSMAN, Lisa (org). Feminist Ethics and Social and Political Philosophy: Theorizing the non-ideal. Springer Science. New York: 2009. pp 165-185.

CHERRY, Myisha. A Case for Rage: Why anger is essential to Anti-racist strugle. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2021.

CHERRY, Myisha. More Important Things. Boston Review: 2020.

CHERRY, Myisha. The Errors and Limitations of our “Anger Evaluating” Ways. In: CHERRY, Myisha; FLANAGAN, Owen (org). The Moral Psychology of Anger. London: Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 2018. p. 49-68.

D’ARMS, Justin; JACOBSON, Daniel. The Moralistic Fallacy: On the 'Appropriateness' of Emotions. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2000. pp. 65-90.

DEONNA, Julien; TERONI, Fabrice. The Emotions: A philosophical introduction. Routledge, 2012.

DEONNA, Julien; TERONI, Fabrice. TAPPOLET, Christiane. Emoções. In: WILLIGES, Flávio. FISCHBORN, Marcel. COPP, David (org). O Lugar das Emoções na Ética e na Metaética. Pelotas: NEPFIL Online, 2018. p. 39-83.

FANON, Frantz. Pele Negra, Máscaras Brancas. Tradução de Renato da Silveira. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2008.

FRYE, Marilyn. A note on anger. In: FRYE, Marilyn. The Politics of Reality: essays in feminist theory. Crossing Press, 1983. p. 84-94.

hooks, bell. Killing Rage: Ending Racism. 1 ed. Henry Holt and Company: New York: 1995.

JAGGAR, Alison. Love and Knowledge: Emotion in Feminist Epistemology. Inquiry, 32:2, 2008. 151-176.

JOHANSON, Izilda. Erguer a voz com bell hooks. Kalagatos , [S. l.], v. 19, n. 1, p. eK22017, 2022. Disponível em: https://revistas.uece.br/index.php/kalagatos/article/view/8297. Acesso em: 19 mar. 2024.

KILL BILL: VOL 1. Direção de Quentin Tarantino. Produção de Kwame Parker; Lawrence Bender. Estados Unidos da América: Miramax Films, 2003.

KONSTAN, David. A raiva e as emoções em Aristóteles: as estratégias do status. Letras Clássicas, n. 4, p. 77-90, 2000.

LEBOEUF, Céline. Anger as a Political Emotion: a phenomenological perspective. In: CHERRY, Myisha; FLANAGAN, Owen (org). The Moral Psychology of Anger. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2018.& Littlefield International, 2018. pp. 15-30.

LORDE, Audre. The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Anger. New York: The Feminist Press. (Spring - Summer, 1997), pp. 278-285.

LUGONES, María. Hard-to-handle anger. In: LUGONES, María. Pilgrimages/Peregrinajes: Theorizing Coalition against Multiple Oppressions. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003. p. 133-150.

LYMAN, Peter. The Domestication of Anger: The Use and Abuse of Anger in Politics. European Journal of Social Theory 7(2): 133-147. Sage Publications: London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, 2004.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. Victim Anger and its Costs. In: CALLARD, Agnes (org). On Anger. Boston Critic, Inc. 2020. p. 112-132.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. From Anger to Love: Self-Purification and Political Resistance. In: SHELBY, Tommie; TERRY, Brandon. (Org.). To Shape a New World: essays on the political philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Londres, 2018. p. 117 - 140.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. Anger and Forgiveness: resentment, generosity, justice. New York: Oxford university Press, 2016.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. Transitional anger. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 2015a. p. 41–56.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. Political Emotions: why love matters for justice. 1 ed. Harvard University Press: United States of America, 2015b.

RELATOS SALVAJES. Direção de Damián Szifron. Produção de Pedro Almodóvar; Esther García; Axel Kuschevatzky. Argentina: Warner Bros, 2014.

SCHEMAN, Naomi. Anger and the Politics of Naming. In: SCHEMAN, Naomi. Engenderings: constructions of knowledge, authority, and privilege. New York: Routledge, 1993. p. 22 - 36.

SHE’s Beautiful When She’s Angry. Direção de Mary Dore. Produção de Mary Dore. Estados Unidos da América: Music Box Films, 2014.

SILVA, Laura. The Efficacy of Anger: Recognition and Retribution. In: FALCATO, A.; GRAÇA DA SILVA, S. The Politics of Emotional Shockwaves, p. 1–28, 2021a.

SILVA, Laura. Anger and its desires. European Journal of Philosophy, p. 1115–1135, 2021b.

SRINIVASAN, Amia. The Aptness of Anger. Londres: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2017.

SRINIVASAN, Amia. Would Politics Be Better off Without Anger? The Nation, 2016.

WILLIGES, Flavio. There is a presence in anger: an analysis of traditional critiques of racial anger protest. Vitória (ES): Sofia. V.12, N.2, p. 01-28. 2023.