Kalagatos

The Myth of the Land Without Evil and the Tupinambá

João Emiliano Fortaleza de Aquino — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0300

In dialogue with recent authors and based on readings of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chronicles, this article presents a critical reflection regarding the postulation put forth by Alfred Métraux, Pierre Clastres, and Hélène Clastres, namely, the existence of a narrative (myth) of the Land Without Evil among the ancient Tupinambá people. In doing so, it develops a critique of their theses on three levels: methodological, historical, and political. First, it demonstrates that Pierre and Hélène Clastres maintained a methodologically essentialist and anti-historical orientation, made possible by Curt Nimuendaju (1914) and inaugurated by Alfred Métraux (1928), a path that anthropologically treated the Tupi-Guarani as a unified whole, disregarding diverse peoples’ ethnological and historical specificities. Subsequently, this article argues that Clastres’s underlying theses, namely, a confrontation between morubixabas and pajés/karaíbas, are historically unfounded as expressions of the conflict between the religious and the political, society and the emerging state. Finally, this article refutes the thesis that Tupinambá migrations during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries occurred despite colonial occupation, driven by internal conflicts within Tupinambá communities (society versus state), allegedly resulting in the search for the so-called Land Without Evil. Ultimately, this article seeks to describe a domain of Tupinambá thought, its relationship with death and the dead (fundamental to their physicalist cosmology), and to resituate the Tupinambá migrations of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within the context of anticolonial resistance among native peoples.

Comparing the Educational Philosophies of Confucius and Plato

Thoa Nguyen Van, Hanh Than Thi — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the educational philosophy of Confucius, the ancient Chinese philosopher, and Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher. shaping educational thought through distinct but sometimes intersecting perspectives. The study explores their perspectives on the purpose of education, teaching methods, the role of teachers, and the ideal learner model, placing these ideas in their socio-cultural context. Through a comparison of these philosophies, the paper highlights key differences and similarities, and assesses their implications for modern education. The results show that, despite coming from different cultures, both Confucius and Plato emphasize the role of education in the moral and intellectual development of human beings, but with different focuses and approaches.

Pioneering Dalit Resistance: A Study of Saint Visionaries

Kanan Kanchan, Vandana Sharma — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0300

It has been for centuries that the Indian society has been hierarchized on the lines of caste: videlicet, higher and lower castes. Since this division is by birth and perpetual, it needed to be interrogated and critiqued. Such investigation, implying need for awareness and resisting of atrocities was acutely felt from fifteenth century onwards. Saints and seers of the period began to articulate this assertion five centuries ago. It is in the writings of these poet-intellectuals that the earliest questioning of caste divisions and their alternative has been suggested. These poet-seers have stressed innate goodness of human nature and suggested the need for virtuous life that is utopic in its formulation. These voices gained strength and momentum over time and caste their spell on dalit communities. They have led dalit resistance by providing positive resolution to the baneful social divisions that have affected the lives of lower castes in all aspects. These pioneers of assertion of innate human dignity have been torchbearers for subsequent efforts by social reformers and gramscian organic intellectuals, who are trying to improve the lot of communities. Thus, it is imperative to closely study the writings of these socio-economic reformers, in order to understand the dalit scenario as also the dire need for ascension of the downtrodden in the Indian society.

We will not return home

Salah Salimian, Arash Azami, Ali Maeroufnezhad — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This article is a test and another approach to freedom that, through the lens of Jacques Derrida, is liberated by being situated under the concept of graphe and by freeing itself from the constraints of any signifier, embarking on an unfinished journey. The intention is not to postpone freedom to a state of absence, but rather, if possible, to liberate freedom from any determinate meaning and from the constraints of any signified.

Daoist political philosophy and Its Value for Contemporary Political Leadership

Dung Nguyen Thi Thanh — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 -0300

In the context of globalization and the proliferation of socio-political crises, there is a growing demand for models of leadership that emphasize flexibility, humility, and adaptability. Eastern political philosophies have left profound legacies; however, most studies have focused on Confucianism and Legalism, while Daoism has often been regarded more as a mystical worldview than as a viable political theory. This article addresses this gap by examining Daoist political thought, particularly the concepts of Dao (

道), De (德), and the principle of wu wei (無為), to analyze their significance for contemporary political leadership.

Gramsci, politics, philosophy

Higor Claudino Oliveira — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This paper examines Antonio Gramsci’s conception of politics, understood as one of the most original contributions of twentieth-century Marxism. We argue that the novelty of Gramsci’s approach lies less in his well-known categories – such as civil society, historical bloc, and the distinction between East and West – than in his redefinition of the political sphere vis-à-vis both the reductionist outlook of the Second International and the so-called “Marxism-Leninism” (i.e., Stalinism) that dominated the Third International. Three preliminary aspects guide our discussion: first, the meanings Gramsci attributed to the concept of politics; second, his analysis of the causal nexus between economic relations of production and politics; and third, his ontological understanding of ideology as a constitutive moment of politics itself. We suggest that by conceiving politics as catharsis and ideology as a social-ontological reality, Gramsci offered a non-empiricist and non-idealist response to the central problem of democratic theory: the construction of a general and collective will.

Education and Barbarism: Educational Propositions in times of Pandemic

Dalva de Souza Lobo, Luzia Batista de Oliveira Silva — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 -0300

The article is the result of a conference, whose aim was to bring into discussion and reflection the role of art and philosophy in the process of human sensitization and development. As educational propositions in times of pandemic, the possibility of including animated short films, photographic images, and texts about art and philosophy is presented as relevant materials in the process of human development sensitization. Regarding the problem of barbarism, it seems fundamental to adopt educational practices that lead to an anti-barbarism process, as art does, by sensitizing and awakening critical thinking to ensure education for emancipation in a democratic society

Ancient Chinese Philosophy of Education: Insights and Implications for Contemporary Education

Pham Thi Kien — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Ancient Chinese philosophy of education, especially through the Confucian thought of Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, is a profound system of thought, emphasizing the cultivation of morality, wisdom, and social responsibility in education. Set in the context of Chinese feudal society, these philosophies focus on character training, combining knowledge with virtue, and positioning education as a means to achieve personal and social harmony. The study sheds light on how these ideas address fundamental questions of educational purpose and methods, and assesses their implications in the face of modern challenges, such as ethical issues in technology education, academic achievement pressures, and the need for comprehensive development of students. Ancient Chinese educational philosophy helps shape comprehensive, responsible, and sustainable educational models in Vietnam and around the world.

The Philosophy of Education of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Its Application in Vietnam's Educational Reforms

Tran Quoc Hung — Sun, 16 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, through his masterpiece Émile, ou De l'éducation (1762), revolutionized educational philosophy by emphasizing the principle of "natural education," where children develop according to their natural stages, learning through real-life experiences rather than enforced rote memorization and social discipline. This article provides an in-depth analysis of Rousseau's core principles, including the five stages of child development, critiques of traditional education, and the importance of holistic education. Employing methods of secondary document analysis, historical comparison, and policy evaluation, the study demonstrates that integrating Rousseau's principles can support the development of soft skills, personalized learning, and reduced exam pressure, contributing to goals such as 80% of schools meeting national standards by 2030 and positioning Vietnam as a regional education hub by 2045. The findings highlight opportunities for innovation while cautioning against challenges from East Asian traditional culture. The article proposes pilot models, such as the "Happy Schools" program combined with Rousseau's methods, to promote sustainable education.

Applying Marxist Economic Philosophy in the Process of Building a Socialist-Oriented Market Economy in Contemporary Vietnam

Nguyen Huy Hoang — Sun, 16 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Marxist philosophy, particularly its theory on the mode of production and relations of production, provides a scientific foundation for understanding the laws governing economic dynamics. This article analyzes the core economic principles in Marxist philosophy and their application in constructing Vietnam's socialist-oriented market economy. By examining the compatibility, adjustments, and innovations in applying these doctrines, the article highlights achievements, limitations, and proposes several solutions to further refine Vietnam's unique economic model amid global integration.

Marxist Philosophy and Sustainable Economic Development

Thanh Quang Ngo — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This paper explores the relationship between Marxist philosophy and the concept of sustainable economic development, emphasizing how Marxist principles provide a theoretical framework to address economic, social, and environmental challenges in the context of globalization. The analysis focuses on core concepts such as relations of production, class struggle, and surplus value, while linking them to the requirements of sustainable development, including social equity, environmental protection, and economic efficiency. The paper argues that Marxist philosophy not only offers a critical lens to analyze current economic development models but also proposes potential solutions to guide sustainable development in the future. The findings suggest that applying Marxist principles can help restructure economic policies to achieve a balance between economic growth and ecosystem preservation.

Apresentação

Flávia Benevenuto, Mariana Santos — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Sarah Chapone and the First Claim of Civil Identity for Women

Mariana Santos — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This research aims to support the inclusion of the philosopher Sarah Chapone in the canon of the history of philosophy. This is justified because, as analyzed, Chapone produces a text in which, for the first time, women are claimed the status of citizens who participate in civil society. Furthermore, I interpret that a central part of her argument—through the influence of Astell and Hobbes—stems from the analysis that women live in a State of Nature whose persistence is guaranteed by the Civil State.

Misogyny and hate Speech in the Bolsonaro Government: Notes from Foucault e Butler

Cristiane Maria Marinho — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This article problematizes the hateful and misogynistic speech of the former president of the republic Jair Bolsonaro based on some Foucaultian and Butlerian concepts, understanding with Foucault, the dscourse is not an expression of an individual subject, but is a expression of the power relations and decisive in the subjectivation processes. With Butler, I explore the concept of performativity in the hate speech and its consequences on the strengthening of gender violence. The theoretical contributions to the analysis refer to passages from the books A ordem do discurso, Arqueologia do saber, some texts from the Ditos e Escritos and from Discurso de ódio: uma política do performativo.

Forms of interdiction in Isotta Nogarola: how to silence (or not) a woman in 15th-century Italy?

Bruna Ribeiro Martins — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This study aims to clarify the ways in which women were excluded from spaces of public prestige in 15th-century Italy, focusing on the struggles of Isotta Nogarola, an Italian humanist, to secure a place within the circle of literati. By examining the social structures and mechanisms of exclusion, we seek to shed light on her contribution in asserting a specific role for herself.

Arcangela Tarabotti: Equality Between the Sexes and the Problem of Women's Freedom

Flávia Benevenuto — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

It is a matter of presenting the discussion on women's freedom, as addressed by Arcangela Tarabotti (1604–1652). In her treatise Tyrannia Paterna, the Venetian philosopher denounces the arbitrariness of fathers in sending their daughters to convents without their consent, depriving them of freedom without any crime committed. Tarabotti criticizes the contradiction between devotion to God and forced enclosure, emphasizing the importance of free will, which, according to her, is granted equally to men and women. Her work is a fervent defense of freedom, produced in a period that marginalized women from a long and fruitful philosophical debate on topics such as equality and political freedom. To advocate for women's freedom, she rejects the idea that the convent is the only place for devotion to God, viewing it as a form of tyranny exercised by men over women, going against divine will. Based on this, the aim is to investigate the problem of free will, the theme of passions, and the issue of fragility concerning women's bodies, in order to understand the specific limitations imposed on women as perceived by Tarabotti.

Between Reform and Rupture: Women’s Emancipation on John Stuart Mill

Veronica Calado — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This essay examines the defense of women's rights in John Stuart Mill's social philosophy, contextualizing it within the liberal and utilitarian traditions of the nineteenth century. Based on an analysis of his mature works, it examines the extent to which Mill proposes a gradual reform or a radical break with patriarchy. It concludes that while Mill's feminism is not revolutionary in terms of implementation strategies, his ideas represent a fundamental milestone in questioning the logic of female domination and in advancing the debate on gender equality in contemporary political philosophy.

Carol Gilligan’s Philosophy of Psychology as Resistance to Injustice and Patriarchy

Viviane Magalhães Pereira — Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This paper examines the contribution of Carol Gilligan’s philosophy of psychology to moral philosophy. It argues that Gilligan provides a suitable philosophy of psychology in the sense demanded by Elisabeth Anscombe – one that allows moral philosophy to acknowledge the social and psychological origins of its ideals. Given the interpretative challenges posed by Gilligan’s work – stemming from the diversity and complexity of her themes and her writing style – this article aims to clarify her philosophical contribution. After exploring the influence of modern moral philosophy on contemporary psychological theories, its entanglement with patriarchy, and the injustices it perpetuates, Gilligan’s approach is presented as both an alternative framework and a form of resistance. Her philosophy of psychology defends relational justice and responsible care as foundational principles, aligning with Anscombe’s call for a more psychologically grounded moral philosophy.

Who Are the Masses? An Intersectional Critique on Mass Homogeneity

Renata Dias-Ribeiro — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This article proposes an intersectional reading of the phenomenon of the masses, drawing on Patricia Hill Collins’s formulation that situates intersectionality within the field of critical theory. From this perspective, intersectionality not only expands the analytical scope but also seeks theoretical mechanisms to denaturalize oppression by demonstrating how race, class, gender, among other markers, asymmetrically structure social relations. This framework shifts the tradition of Mass Psychology, which was centered on the search for supposedly universal psychic mechanisms and on generalizing explanations that treated the mass as an undifferentiated whole, toward an analysis that asks not only how masses function but, above all, who composes them. By revisiting late nineteenth-century authors such as Gustave Le Bon, Scipio Sighele, and Gabriel Tarde, we show that their theories sought to diagnose popular uprisings such as the Paris Commune, conceiving the mass as a pathological, homogeneous phenomenon governed by fixed psychological laws. Freud and Adorno later reworked this account of the multitudinal phenomenon, yet they still maintained assumptions that paid little attention to the structural differences among the subjects who constitute it. Through the multifocal lenses of intersectionality, it becomes possible to understand that masses are traversed by social markers. In other words, race, class, gender, and locality circumscribe and determine which subjects have their agency, demands, and leadership legitimized, and which are relegated primarily to obedience and control.

O mais profundo é a pele? Digressões e multiplicidades

Maria Helena Lisboa da Cunha — Tue, 11 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Num texto conhecido de seus leitores, A alma e a dança, o poeta Paul Valéry afirma que o mais profundo é a pele, mas como os filósofos são mais questionadores do que os poetas, no meu texto, abaixo mencionado, coloco a afirmação como uma interrogação, como provocação. Desde Nietzsche, no séc. XIX, passando por Artaud e Deleuze, no séc. XX, e ainda no séc. XVII com Spinoza, que já coloca a pergunta pelo que pode um corpo?, o corpo foi resgatado do seu esquecimento correlato à superioridade da alma e se reapropriou de seus direitos. O texto ora apresentado discorre sobre esses conceitos e pretende trazer ao leitor o corpo como criador de potencialidades insuspeitadas.

Palavras-chaves: Nietzsche, corpo, forças, pele, devir.