Mythos e Logos: Diferença, Coexistência e Continuidade desde as Origens da Filosofia

Resumo

O propósito central deste trabalho consiste em realizar uma análise e descrição da diferença, coexistência e continuidade entre os conceitos de Mythos e Logos desde as origens da filosofia grega. Há uma vertente hermenêutica na contemporaneidade, representada por Jean-Pierre Vernant, que defende a ocorrência de uma ruptura e superação das narrativas míticas pelo pensar racional na Grécia Arcaica. Em contrapartida, autores como Jacob Burckhardt, Walter Burkert, Mircea Eliade, dentre outros, compreendem não apenas o importante papel da mitologia no que concerne à formação do ideário dos primeiros pensadores, mas também uma relação de coexistência entre a realidade e o imaginário que perpassa continuamente todas as épocas da história das ideias. Nesse sentido, através de uma metodologia que integra revisão bibliográfica, leitura aproximada, pensamento crítico e escrita criativa, os resultados idealizados no presente artigo vêm a ser: a) evidenciar como a concepção de uma razão natural dissociada da mitologia minimiza excessivamente a complexidade do contexto histórico-cultural no qual floresceu a visão de mundo dos pré-socráticos; e b) demonstrar a existência não de uma oposição hierarquizante entre Mythos e Logos, mas sim de uma correlação horizontal de forças entre os conceitos originários das cosmogonias/teogonias e a racionalidade dos filósofos antigos.

The central purpose of this work is to conduct an analysis and description of the difference, coexistence and continuity between the concepts of Mythos and Logos in the origin of Greek philosophy. A contemporary interpretative perspective, exemplified by Jean-Pierre Vernant, argues for a rupture and overcoming of mythical narratives by rational thinking in Archaic Greece. Conversely, authors like Jacob Burckhardt, Walter Burkert, Mircea Eliade, among others, not only acknowledge the significant role of mythology in shaping the ideas of early thinkers, but also propose a coexistent relationship between reality and imaginary continually spanning all epochs of intellectual history. Through a methodology integrating literature review, close reading, critical thought, and creative writing, the envisioned outcomes of this article are twofold: a) to highlight how the conception of a natural reason dissociated from mythology over-minimizes the complexity of the historical and cultural context in which the worldview of the pre-socratics flourished; and b) to demonstrate the existence not of a hierarchical opposition between Mythos and Logos, but rather a horizontal correlation of forces between concepts derived from cosmogonies/theogonies and the rationality of ancient philosophers.

Ο κεντρικός σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας είναι να προβεί σε ανάλυση και περιγραφή της διαφοράς, της συνύπαρξης και της συνέχειας μεταξύ των εννοιών του Μύθου και του Λόγου στην προέλευση της ελληνικής φιλοσοφίας. Υπάρχει ένα πρόσφατο ερμηνευτικό ρεύμα, που εκπροσωπείται από τον Jean-Pierre Vernant, ο οποίος υποστηρίζει ότι υπήρξε ρήξη και υπέρβαση των μυθικών αφηγήσεων από την ορθολογική σκέψη στην αρχαϊκή Ελλάδα. Αντίθετα, συγγραφείς όπως ο Jacob Burckhardt, ο Walter Burkert, ο Mircea Eliade, μεταξύ άλλων, όχι μόνο αναγνωρίζουν τον σημαντικό ρόλο της μυθολογίας στη διαμόρφωση των ιδεών των πρώτων στοχαστών, αλλά και προτείνουν μια συνυπάρχουσα σχέση μεταξύ πραγματικότητας και φανταστικού που διατρέχει συνεχώς όλες τις εποχές της πνευματικής ιστορίας. Μέσω μιας μεθοδολογίας που ενσωματώνει τη βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση, την προσεκτική ανάγνωση, την κριτική σκέψη και τη δημιουργική γραφή, τα οραματιζόμενα αποτελέσματα αυτού του άρθρου είναι δύο: α) να δείξει πώς η αντίληψη ενός φυσικού λόγου αποκομμένου από τη μυθολογία ελαχιστοποιεί υπερβολικά την πολυπλοκότητα του ιστορικού-πολιτισμικού πλαισίου μέσα στο οποίο άνθισε η κοσμοθεωρία των προσωκρατικών- καὶ β) νὰ καταδείξῃ τὴν ὕπαρξιν, οὐχὶ μιᾶς ἱεραρχημένης ἀντιθέσεως μεταξὺ Μύθου καὶ Λόγου, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἑνὸς ὁριζοντίου συσχετισμοῦ δυνάμεων μεταξὺ τῶν ἐννοιῶν τῶν προερχομένων ἐκ τῶν κοσμογονιῶν/θεογονιῶν καὶ τῆς λογικῆς τῶν ἀρχαίων φιλοσόφων.