Polymatheia - Philosophical Journal

Mythos e Logos: Diferença, Coexistência e Continuidade desde as Origens da Filosofia

Jan Clefferson Costa de Freitas — 2025-02-15

The central purpose of this work is to conduct an analysis and description of the difference, coexistence and continuity between the concepts of Mythos and Logos in the origin of Greek philosophy. A contemporary interpretative perspective, exemplified by Jean-Pierre Vernant, argues for a rupture and overcoming of mythical narratives by rational thinking in Archaic Greece. Conversely, authors like Jacob Burckhardt, Walter Burkert, Mircea Eliade, among others, not only acknowledge the significant role of mythology in shaping the ideas of early thinkers, but also propose a coexistent relationship between reality and imaginary continually spanning all epochs of intellectual history. Through a methodology integrating literature review, close reading, critical thought, and creative writing, the envisioned outcomes of this article are twofold: a) to highlight how the conception of a natural reason dissociated from mythology over-minimizes the complexity of the historical and cultural context in which the worldview of the pre-socratics flourished; and b) to demonstrate the existence not of a hierarchical opposition between Mythos and Logos, but rather a horizontal correlation of forces between concepts derived from cosmogonies/theogonies and the rationality of ancient philosophers.

A ''classificação dos bens'' de Gláucon: Um breve estudo sobre o tema da República de Platão

Francisco Gabriel Marques de Almeida Caroba — 2025-02-15

For the overwhelming majority of interpreters, the definition of Justice or the search for what it is is the main theme of Plato's Republic. This is not wrong. However, for us, it is incomplete. With the end of Book I of the Republic, the search for the definition of justice remains open. However, with Glaucon's argument, which is often referred to by commentators as “Glaucon's Challenge”, the theme of the Republic is re-established. Understanding this important passage of just two pages at the beginning of Book II of the Republic is very dear to Platonic ethics and generates the most diverse interpretations. Failure to understand this passage carefully could, in our view, compromise the real theme of the dialogue. To prevent this from happening, we have an interpretative hypothesis, which consists of demonstrating that with Glaucon's provocation, the theme of the Republic is restored, namely that Socrates will henceforth have to demonstrate how living virtuously (including: justly) leads to Happiness. In other words, the relationship between virtue, as a good, and Happiness is at stake. This hypothesis will make explicit the path that the dialog will take from then on around the discussion of Justice, helping us to understand the plot of the dialog as a whole

Privação ou Liberdade ? Por uma crítica espinosista da “liberdade negativa”

Gabriel Marques — 2025-02-15

In his response to William of Blyenbergh, Spinoza in his letter number 21 meditates on the status of evil and deprivation in their theological and political meanings. How can error and sin be derived from God's perfection? How can human imperfection be analyzed from a juridical and political point of view and what are its consequences for the relationship between free will, freedom and guilt? Our aim in this article is to articulate Spinoza's considerations and take them to their consequences in political philosophy, using the distinction proposed by the Anglo-Russian philosopher Isaiah Berlin between negative and positive freedom.

O sentido moral presente no ensaio “Da Superstição e do Entusiasmo”, de David Hume

Laiz Fidelis Ribeiro — 2025-02-15

For David Hume, if religion had any role to play, it would be to corrupt human nature and disturb social harmony instead of contributing to morality itself. In Hume’s interpretation, religious beliefs lead to the degradation of human conduct, recognizing that they generate two pernicious effects: Superstition and Enthusiasm. Our problematization is: why, for Hume, is its corruptions a necessary consequence of religion, for morality, even when it preaches so many virtues? To answer this problem, we will use the essay On Superstition and Enthusiasm and the work Treatise of Human Nature.

Russell against Russsel: Denotative Concepts and Gray’s Elegy Argument

Bismarck Bório de Medeiros — 2025-02-15

The paper aims to expose and historically locate Bertrand Russell's motivations and efforts to define the function of the so-called denotative concepts in his work, Principles of Mathematics, with its theory and philosophical basis. We will show that the denotative concepts are modified in later writings and finally discarded in his 1905 article, On Denoting – with, in this article, substantial changes in his theory of descriptions, due to a change in philosophical position – with criticism (considered considered controversial and confusing by many) known as Gray's Elegy and explain your motivations and interpretations.

ONTOLOGY AND REPRESENTATION (DARSTELLUNG) IN GADAMER

Rodrigo Viana Passos — 2025-02-15

This paper aims to reflect on the concept of "representation" (Darstellung) in the thought of H-G. Gadamer. In his considerations about the mode of being of the work of art, the author proposes the overcoming of what he calls "aesthetic consciousness", which reduced (or even annihilated) the scope of truth of art, by considering it only as an aesthetic object. The concept of "representation" as Darstellung (as opposed to Vorstellung) emerges as the possibility of recognizing in the work what is most proper to it: 1) the need to be interpreted; and 2) its existence as an effective "presentification of being". This demands from us a better evaluation of its productivity for a critique of modern aesthetics and also to ground a turn towards an ontology of art.

A função social do riso como reflexo da degradação da comunhão feminina: diálogos entre Federici e Bergson

Lívia Salgado — 2025-02-15

Trata-se de abordar o processo de expropriação específica às mulheres na emergência da modernidade sob uma outra perspectiva que da violência propriamente dita, qual seja, a degradação do elo feminino através do escárnio e satirização. Para tanto, é crucial, de um lado, explorar os elementos que Henri Bergson dispõe ao asseverar pela função social do riso, que podem revelar como o humor e a comicidade não apenas refletem, mas também perpetuam hierarquias de gênero e contribuem para a marginalização das experiências femininas; de outro, é necessário estabelecer conexões com as teses de Silvia Federici, que nos alerta sobre a desqualificação e a deterioração dos saberes femininos com o surgimento do capitalismo. Federici nos mostra que, à medida que essa sociedade foi se desenvolvendo, houve uma tentativa constante de deslegitimar o conhecimento e as práticas das mulheres, empurrando-as para um campo de ilegalidade circunscrito pela bruxaria.

The aim is to approach the process of expropriation specific to women in the emergence of modernity from another perspective than violence itself, namely the degradation of the female bond through mockery and satirisation. To do this, it is crucial, on the one hand, to explore the elements that Henri Bergson has at his disposal when asserting the social function of laughter, which can reveal how humour and comicality not only reflect but also perpetuate gender hierarchies and contribute to the marginalisation of women's experiences; on the other hand, it is necessary to establish connections with the theses of Silvia Federici, who warns us about the disqualification and deterioration of women's knowledge in the emergence of capitalism. Federici shows us that, as this society developed, there was a constant attempt to delegitimise women's knowledge and practices, pushing them into a field of illegality circumscribed by witchcraft. In this sense, comicality operated as a social disciplining mechanism, reinforcing power structures and restricting women's activities in the public sphere

Existential Elements: death, boredom, loneliness and fear as manifestations of meaning

Euclides Souza — 2025-02-15

finally putting aside these very sensitive topics out of the reach of superstitions and doctrines promoted by pseudo-sciences and religions, also not considering any experimental results and definitions from Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Psychology and all the contingencies of the scientific method, we will define the most prominent human existential elements in terms of metaphysical and linguistical notions, being death, the lack of meaning, boredom, the search for meaning, loneliness, the attempt of meaning and fear, the rejection of meaning.

De-Centering the Organism: Psychedelic Therapies, Fungi and the Body without Organs

Ernesto Grillo Rabello — 2025-02-15

The encounter of clinical psychology with psychedelic compounds, plants, and mushrooms opens up new possibilities for psychotherapy practices. In the Schizoanalysis of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, conceptual and experimental tools are found that not only assist in thinking about the psychedelic experience but also enrich clinical practice. The concept of the Body without Organs, which partly stems from Antonin Artaud’s psychedelic experience with peyote in the Mexican deserts, is central to this approach. The philosophical question of “how to create for oneself a Body without Organs?” involves an ethical, aesthetic, and political task. A shift is proposed, dissociating psychology from the neuroscience linked to the organic body, body-form, reified in the image of the organism. By revisiting the anatomophysiological paradigm, based on Foucault's analyses of disciplinary power and biopower, rigid definitions of the body are questioned, and the field of experience is broadened to include other possible narratives and decompositions. The psychedelic experience is not limited to the organic body, but involves an intensive body, body as force. Psychedelic mushrooms can act as powerful intermediaries, deconstructing fixed forms of subject and body, while the mycelium, decentralized and non-binary, unfolds new possibilities. The implications for psychedelic therapies must be approached with caution and awareness of the risks, as Deleuze and Guattari warn. Presenting a framework that shifts the focus away from human-centered views, capturing the “humusity” of Donna Haraway, a fertile ground is proposed for new narratives and fabulations, where mycelium, rhizomes and seeds can thrive in the folds.

Os afetos e o neoliberalismo enquanto dispositivo fascista

Elainy Costa da Silva — 2025-02-15

This paper aims to analyze the functional role of affections in neoliberalism as a fascist device. To this end, we seek to analyze neoliberal control strategies in order to understand their biopolitical and psychopolitical properties that determine behaviors, ways of thinking, rules and ways of living. From this perspective, we observe how neoliberalism distorts the imaginary, contributing to the formation of a subject that despises otherness and has a desire for power and submission. The love and desire that were previously directed towards the “leader” in historical fascism are now shifted towards capital.

Esse quam Videre: Critical Reflections on the Use of Psilocybin as an Adjuvant in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

Fábio Nogueira Pereira — 2025-02-15

The ethical and technical challenges of recent research with psychedelics and the attempt to regulate them as a health technology open a new horizon for reflections on scientific development and questions about how we experience spiritual and non-ordinary experiences of consciousness and relate to nature. We understand that Psychology needs to resort to psychedelic philosophy and the knowledge of indigenous peoples. Thus, we seek to discuss the distancing of Psychology and mental health technologies in relation to Amerindian spirituality and epistemologies. We are guided by the scientific and philosophical literature that would allow such a debate without an exhaustive review of recent production, but enough to weave threads from the fields of Transpersonal Ecopsychology and Gestalt Therapy with a decolonial perspective and that went beyond the merely theoretical aspects. We also recognize a political position that is often minimized or erased by researchers of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies and the psych community in general. In this text we will address the role of Psychology and the psychotherapist in the face of modern ecocidal and pathogenic ideologies, the importance of reintegrating people into the environment and the territoriality of which they are part, the use of health technologies and the sacred from a matrix whose background does justice to the ancestry from which they come, among other satellite topics of this debate.

The Knowledge Economy and Its Relationship to Politics

Xuan Dung Bui — 2025-02-15

The formation of the knowledge economy has become an inevitable trend in the modern world economy. Based on the four main pillars, the knowledge economy significantly affects the political activities of each country. This article analyzes the effects of the knowledge economy on politics, focusing on aspects such as: the democratization process; management and administration methods of the state apparatus; new requirements in protecting independence, sovereignty and maintaining peace; as well as negative impacts that deepen the contradictions in capitalism and create practical conditions for socialism. In addition, the article also mentions the connection between the study of the impact of the knowledge economy and innovation in Vietnam, especially in the field of politics.

A ética em Paul Ricoeur: o enlace hermenêutico entre ipseidade, convicção e sabedoria prática

Bruno Fleck da Silva — 2025-02-15

O tema da ética na filosofia de Paul Ricoeur perpassa elementos constitutivos da originalidade de seu pensamento que reúne as dimensões do narrar e do agir em perspectiva fenomenológica e hermenêutica. O tema da ipseidade lança o olhar sobre o solo da constituição da identidade que é depende das capacidades, sobretudo, de narrar e agir ou agir e narrar. Do núcleo da ipseidade se revela uma posição fenomenológica respondente às solicitações conflitantes do mundo, onde o agir exige o cálculo phronético do íntimo do próprio sujeito, da concretude das situações e do recurso à moral. A sabedoria prática é, portanto, um modo de afirmação do si-mesmo em convicção.

The theme of ethics in Paul Ricoeur's philosophy permeates elements constitutive of the originality of his thought that brings together the dimensions of narrating and acting in a phenomenological and hermeneutic perspective. The theme of ipseity looks at the basis of the constitution of identity, which depends on the capabilities, above all, of narrating and acting or acting and narrating. From the core of ipseity, a phenomenological position is revealed that responds to the conflicting requests of the world, where acting requires the phronetic calculation of the subject's own depths, the concreteness of situations and the recourse to morality. Practical wisdom is, therefore, a way of affirming oneself in conviction.

Apresentação: Uma Breve Reflexão sobre a Atividade Editorial

Jan Clefferson Costa de Freitas — 2025-02-16