Radiographic evaluation of Hip dysplasia in dogs
Keywords:
Coxofeoral joint, Norberg angle, Osteophytes, SubluxationAbstract
The hip joint is composed of two osteoarticular structures: the acetabular cavity and the femur. Dysplasia is one of the most frequent orthopedic diseases in this region and mainly affects large dogs. It is characterized by joint laxity, abnormal hip formation and degenerative joint disease. It presents high heritability and environmental factors contribute to phenotypic expression and the severity of the disorder. Claudication, pain, and reduced range of motion of the joint are the main clinical signs, however, the clinical presentation can be variable. Pelvic radiography and clinical evaluation are the main methods to diagnose the disease. Countless radiographic techniques can be used in the diagnosis. The ventrodorsal projection of the hip with extended hind limbs is used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). However, the Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index and Dorsal Acetabular Kidney methods use other projections and evaluate joint laxity in order to diagnose this condition early. The aim of this work is to describe the main radiographic methodologies used for the evaluation and diagnosis of hip dysplasia in dogs, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each technique.
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