Biomolecular techniques applied to intermediate hosts of Schistosomiasis
Keywords:
Biophalaria, Snails, PolymeraseAbstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. This parasitosis is transmitted by snails that serve as intermediate hosts for digenetic helminths. The correct identification of the transmitting species can help in the epidemiological knowledge of the disease. However, conventional methods of classification may present questionable results due to intraspecific variation between specimens. As a result, this review aimed to describe the main molecular techniques that can be applied, as well as describe the improvement of the methods over time. PCR is a technique developed through the polymerization of DNA strands carried out in vitro, where it amplifies the DNA in multiple copies by enzymatic replication, without needing a living organism. In real-time PCR, amplification, detection and quantification phases are fully automated, occurring simultaneousl. The evolution of the conventional technique resulted in the advent of Protein C Reactive - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), microsatellites, and Protein C Reactive – Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD). Through these variants it was possible to accurately classify the transmitting species, perform the analysis of intraspecific genetic variability and expand the phylogenetic studies of the populations. Knowledge of the application of molecular techniques can assist in research related to the epidemiology and population control of these vectors that transmit schistosomiasis mansoni.
References
ABDEL-HAMID, A.H.Z.; MOLFETTA, J.B.; FERNANDEZ, V.; RODRIGUES, V. Genetic variation between susceptible and non-susceptible snails to Schistosoma infection using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPDs). Revista Instituto Medicina Tropical São Paulo, v.41, n.5, p.291-295, 1999.
CALDEIRA, R.L.; VIDIGAL, T.H.D.A.; PAULINELLI, S.T.; SIMPSON, A.J.G.; CARVALHO, O.S. Molecular identification of similar species of the genus Biomphalaria (Mollusca: Planorbidae) determined by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.93, suppl.1, p.219-225, 1998.
CALDEIRA, R.L.; VIDIGAL, T.H.D.A.; SIMPSON, A.J.G.; CARVALHO, O.S. Genetic variability in brazilian populations of Biomphalaria straminea complex detected by simple nsequence repeat anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.96, n.4, p.535-544, 2001.
CALDEIRA, R.L.; JANNOTTI-PASSOS, L.K.; CARVALHO, O.S. Sequencing of simple sequence repeat anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification products of Biomphalaria glabrata. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.97, suppl.1, p.23-26, 2002.
CALDEIRA, R.L.; JANNOTTI-PASSOS, L.K.; LIRA, P.M.; CARVALHO, O.S. Diagnostic of Biomphalaria snails and Schistosoma mansoni: DNA obtained from traces of shell organic materials. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.99, n.5, p.499-502, 2004.
CALDEIRA, R.L.; JANNOTTI-PASSOS, L.K.; CARVALHO, O.S. Molecular epidemiology of Brazilian Biomphalaria: a review of the identification of species and the detection of infected snails. Acta Tropica, v.111, n.1, p.1-6, 2009.
CAMPOS, Y.R.; CARVALHO, O.S.; GOVEIA, C.O.; ROMANHA, A.J. Genetic variability of the main intermediate host of the Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil, Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) assessed by SSR–PCR. Acta Tropica, v.83, n.1, p.19–27, 2002.
CARDOSO, P.C.M.; CALDEIRA, R.L.; LOVATO, M.B.; COELHO, P.M.; BERNE, M.E.A.; MULLER, G.; CARVALHO, O.S. Genetic variability of Brazilian populations of Lymnaea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), an intermediate hot of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea). Acta Tropica, v.97, p.339-345, 2006.
CARVALHO, O.S.; MASSARA, C.L.; GUERRA, H.L.; CAMPOS, Y.R.; CALDEIRA, R.L.; CHAVES, A.; KATZ, N. Reevaluation of Schistosomiasis in Minas Gerais, Brazil – III: Noroeste de Minas Mesoregion. Revista Instituto Medicina Tropical São Paulo, v.40, s/n, p.277-279, 1998.
CARVALHO, O.S.; CALDEIRA, R.L.; SIMPSON, A.J.; VIDIGAL, T.H. Genetic variability and molecular identifiation of Brazilian Biomphalaria species (Mollusca: Planorbidae). Parasitology, v.123, n.7, p.197-209, 2001.
CARVALHO, O.S; AMARAL, R.S.; THIENGO, S.C.; PIERI, O.S. Técnicas moleculares. In: CARVALHO, O.S; AMARAL, R.S.; THIENGO, S.C.; PIERI, O.S. Vigilância e Controle de Moluscos de Importância Epidemiológica. 2ªed., Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, p.81-84, 2008.
CHEN, J.; VIOLA, M.V. A method to detect ras point mutations in small subpopulations of cells. Analytical Biochemistry, v.195, n.1, p.51-6, 1991.
COFCEWICZ, E.T.; CARNEIRO, R.; CASTAGNONE-SERENO, P.; QUÉNÉHERVÉ, P. Enzyme phenotypes and genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes parasitising Musa in Brazil. Nematology, v.6, n.1, p.85-95, 2004.
COLLEY, D.G.; BUSTINDUY, A.L.; SECOR, W.E.; KING, C.H. Human Schistosomiasis. Lancet, v.383, n.9936, p.2253-64, 2014.
DELIDOW, B.C.; LYNCH, J.P.; PELUSO, J.J.; WHITE, B.A. Polymerase chain reaction: basic protocols. In: WHITE, B.A. (ed.): PCR protocols: current methods and applications. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press, v.15, s/n, p.1-29, 1993.
HEBERT, P.D.N.; RATNASINGHAM, S.; WAARD, J.R. Barcoding animal life: cytochrome coxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings Biological Sciences, v.270, suppl.1, p.96-99, 2003.
HEID, C.A; LIVAK, K.J.; WILLIAMS, P.M. Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Research, v.6, n.10, p.986-994, 1996.
HIGUCHI, R.; FOCKLER, C.; DOLLINGER, G.; WATSON, R. Kinetic PCR analysis: real time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnology (Nature Publishing Company), v11, n.9, p.1026-1030, 1993.
JONES, C.S.; LOCKYER, A.E.; ROLLINSON, D.; PIERTNEY, S.B.; NOBLE, L.R. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular Ecology, v.8, n.12, p.2149–2151, 1999.
KUBISTA, M.; ANDRADE, J.M.; BENGTSSON, M.; FOROOTAN, A.; JONÁK, J.; LIND, K.; SINDELKA, R.; SJÖBACK, R.; SJÖGREEN, B.; STRÖMBOM, L.; STÅHLBERG, A.; ZORIC, N. The realtime polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, v.27, n.2/3, p.95-125, 2006.
LACERDA, D.R.; ACEDO, M.D.P., LEMOS FILHO, J.P.; LOVATO, M.B. A técnica de RAPD: uma ferramenta molecular em estudos de conservação das plantas. Lundiana, v.3, n.2, p.87-89, 2002.
MAJOROS, G.; FEHÉR, Z.; DELI, T.; FÖLDVÁRI, G. Establishment of Biomphalaria tenagophila snails in Europe. Emerging infectious diseases, v.14, n.11, p.1812-1814, 2008.
MARGONARI, C.S.; FORTES-DIAS, C.L.; DIAS, E.S. Genetic variability in geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani elucidated by RAPD-PCR. Journal of Medical Entomology, v.41, n.2, p.187-92, 2004.
MAVÁREZ, J.; AMARISTA, M.; POINTIER, J-P.; JARNE, P. Microsatellite variation in the freshwater schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Molecular Ecology, v.9, n.7, p.1009-11, 2000.
MOLINA, A.L.; TOBO, P.R. Uso das técnicas de biologia molecular para diagnóstico. 2ª ed., Einstein: Série Biologia molecular, p.139-142, 2004.
OLIVEIRA, M.C.S.; REGITANO, L.C.A.; ROESE, A. D.; ANTHONISEN, D. G.; PATROCINIO, E.; SCAGLIUSI, S. M. M.; TIMOTEO, W. H. B.; JARDIM, S.N. Fundamentos teóricos-práticos e protocolos de extração e de amplificação de DNA por meio da técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase. 1ª ed., São Carlos: Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, 2007. 43p. Disponível em: <https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/32770/1/LivroProt Molecular.pdf.> acesso em janeiro de 2022.
PAVAN, M.G.; MONTEIRO, F.A. Técnicas moleculares aplicadas à sistemática e ao controle vetorial. Vetores do Brasil. 2014, 289p. Disponível em: <https://books.scielo.org/id/mw58j/ pdf/galvao-9788598203096-13.pdf.> acesso em janeiro 2022.
RAWLINGS, T.A.; COLLINS, T.M.; BIELER, R. A major mitochondrial gene rearrangement among closely related species. Molecular Biology and Evolution, v.18, n.8, p.1604-9, 2001.
ROUGERIE, R.; DECAËNS, T.; DEHARVENG, L.; PORCO, D.; JAMES, S.W.; CHIH-HAN, C.; RICHARD, B.; POTAPOV, M.; SUHARDJONO, Y.; HEBERT, P.D.N. DNA barcodes for soil animal taxonomy. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.44, n.8, p.789-801, 2009.
SHI, M.M. Enabling large-scale pharmacogenetic studies by high-throughput mutation detection and genotyping technologies. Clinical Chemistry, v.47, n.2, p.164-72, 2001.
SIMPSON, A.J.; DIAS NETO, E.; VIDIGAL, T.H.; PENA, H.B.; CARVALHO. O.S.; PENA, S.D. DNA polymorphism of schistosomes and their snail hosts. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.90, n.2, p.211-3, 1995.
SPADA, R.G.; SILVA, D.; ABDEL-HAMID, A.Z.; SOBRAL-HAMAGUCHI, S.S.; ZUIM, N.R.B.; ZANOTTI-MAGALHÃES, E.M.; MAGALHÃES, L.A.; RIBEIRO-PAES, J.T. Genetic markers between Biomphalaria glabrata snails susceptible and resistant to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.97, suppl.1, p.53-8, 2002.
SPATZ, L.; VIDIGAL, T.H.D.A.; CALDEIRA, R.L.; NETO, ED.; CAPPA, S.M.G.; CARVALHO, O.S. Study of Biomphalaria tenagophila, B. t. guaibensis and B. occidentalis by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme digestion of the ribosomal RNA gene intergenic spacer. Journal of Molluscan Studies, v.65, n.2, p.143-149, 1999.
SPATZ, L.; VIDIGAL, T.H.D.A.; SILVA, M.C.A.; CAPPA, S.M.G.; CARVALHO, O.S. Characterization of Biomphalaria orbignyi, Biomphalaria peregrina and Biomphalaria oligoza by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion of the internal transcribed spacer region of the RNA ribosomal gene. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.9, n.6, p.807-814, 2000.
STEINMANN, P.; KEISER, J.; BOS, R.; TANNER, M.; UTZINGER, J. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, v.6, n.7, p.411-25, 2006.
TEODORO, T.M.; JANNOTTI-PASSOS, L.K.; CARVALHO, O.S.; GRIJALVA, M.J.; BAÚS, E.G.; CALDEIRA, R.L. Hybridism between Biomphalaria cousini and Biomphalaria amazonica and its susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.106, n.7, p.851-5, 2011.
VAS, A. Polymerase chain reaction and other gene techniques in pharmacogenetics: an introduction and review. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, v.79, n.3, p.253-601, 1992.
VIDIGAL, T.H.; NETO, E.D.; SIMPSON, A.J.G.; CARVALHO, O.S. A low stringency polymerase chain reaction approach to the identification of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila, intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.91, n.6, p.739-44, 1996.
VIDIGAL, T.H.; CALDEIRA, R.L.; SIMPSON, A.J.G; CARVALHO, O.S. Further studies on the molecular systematics of Biomphalaria snails from Brazil. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.95, n.1, p.57-66, 2000a.
VIDIGAL, T.H.; KISSINGER, J.C.; CALDEIRA, R.L.; PIRES, E.C.; MONTEIRO, E.; SIMPSON, A.J.; CARVALHO, O.S. Phylogenetic relationships among Brazilian Biomphalaria species (Mollusca: Planorbidae) based upon analysis of ribosomal ITS2 sequences. Parasitology, v.121, n.6, p.611-20, 2000b.
WILLIAMS, J.G.; KUBELIK, A.R.; LIVAK, K.J.; RAFALSKI, J.A.; TINGEY, S.V. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research, v.18, n.22, p.6531-6535, 1990.
WHO. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2015. Weekly Epidemiol Record. 2016, v.91, p.53-60. Disponível em: <https://books.scielo.org/d/mw58jpdf/galvao-9787593096-13.pdf.>. Acesso em: 03 jan 2020.
