Antibiotic resistant bacteria in aquatic environment: effect on animal production
Keywords:
Resistance mechanisms, Microbiology, Multidrug resistance, Resistome, Gene transferAbstract
The present review aimed to discuss antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmitted in aquatic environments, regarding the mechanisms, forms of acquisition, and the effects on animal production. The use of antibiotics for prophylactic, therapeutic, and agricultural purposes has grown on a large scale in recent years, leading to a loss of efficiency in combating pathogens. The current antibiotic crisis arises from a general failure to comprehensively understand the evolution, sources, dissemination, and molecular mechanisms of resistance, as potential environmental reservoirs and their associated resistance genetic diversity are generally not considered in drug development. Thus, the selection pressure applied by antibiotics in different environments has promoted the evolution and dissemination of bacterial resistance genes on a worldwide scale, in the most varied types of environments. Antibiotic residues persist in soil and aquatic environments, the latter acting as an important reservoir of bacteria, facilitating the exchange of genetic material between environmental and pathogenic bacteria and allowing the dissemination of genes and modifications in the environmental resistome. Thus, there is a concern for both human and veterinary medicine due to the diversity of diseases caused in humans and domestic animals by multiresistant bacteria. Understanding the origins, diversity, and resistance mechanisms with the potential to impact farm animals is of great importance to identify the risks associated with the interaction between bacteria from different ecosystems and their impact on animal production, either by compromising the health of animals and/or by the contamination of products produced by them and consequent damage to human health.
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