OBESIDADE EM GATOS: O PAPEL DO TECIDO ADIPOSO
Palavras-chave:
Obesos, gatos, adipocinasResumo
O tecido adiposo já considerado um depósito de armazenamento de energia inerte, é atualmente reconhecido como um órgão endócrino que participa ativamente do metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídeos, da regulação energética e de cascatas inflamatórias. Em indivíduos obesos, o controle destes processos é alterado, e em longo prazo ocorrem mudanças no metabolismo energético que podem predispor a resistência periférica à insulina, a diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e a dislipidemia. Assim como em humanos, a obesidade em gatos também culmina nestas alterações energéticas. Com isto, esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar a função endócrina do tecido adiposo, bem como a sua correlação com a obesidade, usando gatos como modelo experimental, comparando os achados entre os indivíduos obesos e não obesos.
Referências
ALIPOOR, E.; HOSSEINZADEH, F.M.; ATTAR, H.M.J. Adipokines in critical illness: A review of the evidence and knowledge gaps. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, v.108, p.1739-1750, 2018.
APPLETON, D.J.; RAND, J.S.; SUNVOLD, G.D. Plasma leptin concentrations in cats: Reference range, effect of weight gain and relationship with adiposity as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, v.2, p.191-199, 2000.
BRÉMENT, T.; COSSEC, C.; ROUX, C.; KNOL, A.C.; DRENO, B.; KHAMMARIX, A.; BORDEAU, P.; BRUET, V. Expression of Three Adipokines (Adiponectin, Leptin and Resistin) in Normal Canine Skin: a Pilot Study. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v.167, p.1-9, 2018.
BURKHOLDER, W.J; TOLL, P.W. Obesity. In: HAND, M.S.; THATCHER, C.D.; REIMILLARD, R.L.; ROUDEBUSH, P. Small animal clinical nutrition. 4a ed., Topeka, KS: Mark Morris Institute, p.401–430, 2000.
CAWTHORN, W.P.; SCHELLER, E.L.; MACDOUGALD, O.A. Adipose tissue stem cells meet pre-adipocyte commitment: Going back to the future. Journal of Lipid Research, v.53, n.2, p.227–246, 2012a.
CAWTHORN, W.P.; SCHELLER, E.L.; MACDOUGALD, O.A. Adipose tissue stem cells: The great WAT hope. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, v.23, n.6, p.270–277, 2012b.
CHAMPION, T. Efeitos da obesidade e do sobrepeso sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares e respiratórios em gatos. 2011. 144p. Tese (Doutorado em Clínica Médica Veterinária) - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio De Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, 2011.
CLARK, M.H.; FERGUSON, D.C.; BUNICK, D.; HOENIG, M. Molecular and histological evidence of brown adipose tissue in adult cats. The Veterinary Journal, v.195, p.66-72, 2013.
FASSHAUER, M.; BLÜHER, M. Adipokines in health and disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, v.36, n.7, p.461-470, 2015.
FRYE, C.W.; SHMALBERG, J.W.; WAKSHLAG, J.J. Obesity, Exercise and Orthopedic Disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v.46, n.5, p.831-841, 2016.
GERMAN, A.J. The growing problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats. The Journal of Nutrition, v.136, p.1940–1946, 2006.
GERMAN, A.J.; RYAN, V.H.; GERMAN, A.C.; WOOD, I.S.; TRAYHURN, P. Obesity, its associated disorders and the role of inflammatory adipokines in companion animals. The Veterinary Journal, v.185, n.1, p.4-9, 2010.
HARPER, E.J.; STACK, D.M.; WATSON, T.D.G.; MOXHAM, G. Effect of feeding regimens on body weight, composition and condition score in cats following ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.42, n.9, p.433–438, 2001.
HART, B.L.; BARRETT, R.E. Effects of castration on fighting, roaming and urine spraying in adult male cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.163, n.3, p.290-292, 1973.
HEATH, S. Behaviour problems and welfare. In: ROCHLITZ, I. The welfare of cats. Animal welfare, London: Springer, v.3, p.91–118, 2005.
HOENIG, M. The cat as a model for human nutrition and disease. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, v.9, n.5, p.584-588, 2006.
HOENIG, M.; FERGUSON, D.C. Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats. American journal of veterinary research, v.64, p.634-639, 2002.
HOENIG, M.; THOMASETH, K.; WALDRON, M.; FERGUSON, D.C. Insulin sensitivity, fat distribution, and adipocytokine response to different diets in lean and obese cats before and after weight loss. American Journal of Physiology-regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, v.292, n.1, p.227-234, 2007.
HOENIG, M.; PACH, N.P.; THOMASETH, K.; LE, A.; SCHAEFFER, D.; FERGUSON, D.C. Cats differ from other species in their cytokine and antioxidant enzyme response when developing obesity. Obesity, v.21, p.407-414, 2013.
HOTTA, K.; FUNAHASHI, T.; ARITA, Y.; TAKAHASHI, M.; MATSUDA, M.; OKAMOTO, Y.; IWAHASHI, H.; KURIYAMA, H.; OUCHI, N.; MAEDA, K.; NISHIDA, M.; KIHARA, S.; SAKAI, N.; NAKAJIMA, T.; HASEGAWA, K.; MURAGUCHI, M.; OHMOTO, Y.; NAKAMURA, T.; YAMASHITA, S.; HANAFUSA, T.; MATSUZAWA, Y. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, v.20, n.6, p.1595–1599, 2000.
IWATA, M.; HARA, K.; KAMURA, Y.; HONOKI, H.; FUJISAKA, S.; ISHIKI, M.; YAGI, K.; FUKUSHIMA, Y.; TAKANO, A.; KATO, H.; MURUKAMI, S.; HIGUCHI, K.; KOBASHI, C.; FUKUDA, K.; KOSHIMIZU, Y.; TOBE, K. Ratio of low molecular weight serum adiponectin to the total adiponectin value is associated with type 2 diabetes through its relation to increasing insulin resistance. Public Library of Science, v.13, n.3, p.1-14, 2018.
JUNQUEIRA, L.C.; CARNEIRO, J. Tecido adiposo. In: Histologia básica: texto e atlas. 12a ed., Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, p.120-124, 2017.
KABIR, M.; STEFANOVSKI, D.; HSU, I.R.; IYER, M.; WOOLCOTT, O.O.; ZHENG, D.; CATALANO, K.J.; CHIU, J.D.; KIM, S.P.; HARRISON, L.N.; IONUT, V.; LOTTATI, M.; BERGMAN, R.N.; RICHEY, J.M. Large size cells in the visceral adipose depot predict insulin resistance in the canine model. Obesity (Silver Spring), v.19, n.11, p.2121-2129, 2011.
KELLER, C.; LIESEGANG, A.; FREY, D.; WICHERT B. Metabolic response to three different diets in lean cats and cats predisposed to overweight. BMC Veterinary Research, v.184, n.13, p.1-10, 2017.
KIENZLE, E.; BERGER, R.; ZIEGLER, D.; UNSHELM, J. The human-animal relationship and overfeeding in cats. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, v.23, p.73-79, 2000.
KOCOT, J.; DZIEMIDOK, P.; KIELCZYKOWSKA, M.; HORDYJEWSKA, A.; SZCZESNIAK, G.; MUSIK, I. Adipokine Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Depends on Degree of Obesity. Medical Science Monitor, v.23, p.4995-5004, 2017.
KWOK, K.H.M.; XU, A. Heterogeneity of White Adipose Tissue. In: PATEL, V.B. The Molecular Nutrition of Fats. 1a ed., Academic Press, p.271-288, 2018.
LAFLAMME, D.P. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Practice, v.25, n.5, p.13-17, 1997.
LANTHIER, N.; LECLERCQ, I.A. Adipose tissues as endocrine target organs. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, v.28, p.545-558, 2014.
LI, G.; FENG, D.; QU, X.; FU, J.; WANG, Y.; LI, L.; LI, L.; HAN, L.; ESANGBEDO, I. C.; LI, M.; LI, M.; GAO, S. Role of adipokines FGF21, leptin and adiponectin in self- concept of youths with obesity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, v.28, n.8, p.892-902, 2018.
LINDBERG, S.; JENSEN, J.S.; BIERRE, M.; FRYTYK, J.; FLYVBIERG, A.; JEPPESEN, J.; MOGELVANG, R. Low adiponectin levels at baseline and decreasing adiponectin levels over 10 years of follow-up predict risk of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes metabolism, v.43, n.2, p.134-139, 2017.
LOFTUS, J.P.; WAKSHLAG, J.J. Canine and feline obesity: a review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, v.2015, p.49-60, 2014.
LOPES, L.R.; RIBEIRO, S.M.L.T.; FIGUEIREDO, V.P.; LETE, A.L.J.; NICOLATO, R.L.C.; GOMES, J.A.E.; TALVANI, A. The overweight increases circulating inflammatory mediators commonly associated with obesity in young individuals. Cytokine, v.110, p.169- 173, 2018.
LUGGERO-CORREIA, J.A.; AGUILA, M.B.; MANDARIM-DE-LACERDA, A.; FARIA, T.S. Effects of high-fat diet on plasma lipids, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in ovariemized C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition, v.28, p.316-323, 2012.
LUND, E.M.; ARMSTRONG, P.J.; KIRK, C.A.; KLAUSNER, J.S. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. The International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, v.3, n.2, p.88-96, 2005.
MANCO, M., FERNANDEZ-REAL, J.M., EQUITANI, F., VENDRELL, J., VALERA MORA, M.E., NANNI, G., TONDOLO, V., CALVANI, M., RICART, W., CASTAGNETO, M., MINGRONE, G. Effect of massive weight loss on inflammatory adipocytokines and the innate immune system in morbidly obese women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, v.92, n.2, p.483-490, 2007.
MARTIN, L.; SILIART, B.; DUMON, H.; BACKUS, R.; BIOURGE, V.; NGUYEN, P. Leptin, body fat content and energy expenditure in intact and gonadectomized adult cats: a preliminary study. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.85, p.195-199, 2001. MECHANICK, J.I.; ZHAO, S.; GARVEY, W.T. Leptin, An Adipokine With Central Importance in the Global Obesity Problem. Global Heart, v.13, n.2, p.113-127, 2018.
MÜNZBERG, H.; BJÖRNHOLM, M.; BATES, S.H.; MAYERS, M.G. Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, v.62, p.642-652, 2005.
NAVARRETE, J.M.M.; REAL, J.M.F. Adipocyte Differentiation. In: SYMONDS, M.E. Adipose Tissue Biology. 1ª ed., New York: Springer, p.17-38, 2012.
O'CONNELL, J.; LYNCH, L.; CAWOOD, T.J.; KWASNIK, A.; NOLAN, N.; GEOGHEGAN, J.; MCCORMICK, A.; O'FARRELLY, C.; O'SHEA, D. The relationship of omental and subcutaneous adipocyte size to metabolic disease in severe obesity. PLoS One, v.5, n.4, p.1-9, 2010.
PARLEE, S.D.; LENTZ, S. I.; MORI, H.; MACDOUGALD, O.A. Quantifying Size and
Number of Adipocytes in Adipose Tissue. Methods in Enzymology, v.537, p.93-122, 2014.
PINNEY, S.E. Stages of the developing adipocyte: determination and differentiation. The Epigenome and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 1a ed., Cheryl Rosenfeld Editors, 2016. 560p.
PUENTE, A.B.; FEVE, B.; FELLAHI, S.; BASTARD, J.P. Adipokines: The missing link between insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes & Metabolism, v.34, p.2-11, 2008.
RAHIMLOU, M.; MIRZAEI, K., KESHAVARZ, S.A.; NEZHAD, H.A. Association of
circulating adipokines with metabolic dyslipidemia in obese versus non-obese individuals. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, v.10, n.1, p.60-65, 2016.
RAKOTOARIVELO, V.; LACRAZ, G.; MAYHUE, M.; BROWN, C.; ROTTEMBOURG, D.; FRADETTE, J.; ILANGUMARAN, S.; MENENDEZ, A. LANGLOIS, M.; RAMANATHAN, M.F. Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues of Obese Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery Reveal Lack of Correlation with Obesity or Diabetes. Ebiomedicine, v.30, p.237-247, 2018.
RASSBACHA, M.C.; LEITE, J.I.V.; DINIZ, M.F.H.S. Is the association between vitamin D, adiponectin, and insulin resistance present in normal weight or obese? A pilot study. Clinical Nutrition Experimental, v.23, p.80-88, 2019.
RIZZA, S.; CARDELLINI, M.; FARCOMENI, A.; MORABITO, P.; ROMANELLO, D.; COLA, G. D.; CANALE, M. P.; FREDERICI, M. Low Molecular Weight Adiponectin Increases the Mortality Risk in Very Old Patients. Aging and Disease, v.9, n.5, p.946-951, 2018.
RUSSELL, K.; SABIN, R.; HOLT, S.; BRADLEY, R.; HARPER, E.J. Influence of feeding regimen on body condition in the cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.41, n.1, p.12–17, 2000.
SAELY, C.H.; GEIGER, K.; DREXEL, H. Brown versus white adipose tissue: a mini- review. Gerontology, v.58, p.15-23, 2012.
SAWICKA, M.; JANOWSKA, J.; CHUDEK, J. Potential beneficial effect of some adipokines positively correlated with the adipose tissue content on the cardiovascular system. International Journal of Cardiology, v.222, p.581-589, 2016.
SCARLETT, J.M.; DONOGHUE, S.; SAIDLA, J.; WILLS, J. Overweight cats: prevalence and risk factors. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, v.18, p.22-28, 1994.
SELL, H.; ECKEL, J. Adipose tissue inflammation: novel insight into the role of macrophages and lymphocytes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, v.13, n.4, p.366–370, 2010.
TILG, H.; MOSCHEN, A.R. Role of adiponectin and PBEF/visfatin as regulators of inflammation: involvement in obesity-associated diseases. Clinical Science, v.114, p.275– 288, 2008.
TRAYHURN, P. Adipose tissue in obesity – an inflammatory issue. Endocrinology, v.146, n.3, p.1003-1005, 2005.
VELDE, H.V.; JANSSENS, G.P.; ROOSTER, H.; POLIS, I.; PETERS, I.; DUCATELLE, R.; NGUYEN, P.; BUYSE, J.; ROCHUS, K.; XU, J.; VERBRUGGHE, A.; HESTA, M. The
cat as a model for human obesity: insights into depot-specific inflammation associated with feline obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, v.110, n.7, p.1326-1335, 2013.
VERKEST, K.R.; BJORNVAD, C.R. Understanding adiponectin in dogs and cats: a work in progress. The Veterinary Journal, v.193, n.1, p.4-5, 2012.
VERKEST, K.R.; RAND, J.S.; FLEEMAN, L.M.; MORTON, J.M.; RICHARDS, A.A.; ROSE, F.J.; WHITEHEAD, J.P. Distinct adiponectin profiles might contribute to differences in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in dogs and humans. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, v.41, n.2, p.67-73, 2011.
WITZEL, A.L.; KIRK, C.A.; KANIA, S.A.; BARTGES, J.W.; BOSTON, R.C.; MOYERS, T.; BYRD, H.; LAUTEN, S. Relationship of adiponectin and its multimers to metabolic indices in cats during weight change. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, v.53, p.70-77, 2015.
ZAYANI, N.; OMEZZINE, A.; BOUMAIZA, I.; ACHOUR, O.; REBHI, L.; REJEB, J.; REJEB, N.B.; ABDELAZIZ, B.; BOUSLAMA, A. Association of ADIPOQ, leptin, LEPR, and resistin polymorphisms with obesity parameters in Hammam Sousse Sahloul Heart Study. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, v.31, n.6, p.1-10, 2017.
ZORAN, D.L. Obesity in Dogs and Cats: A Metabolic and Endocrine Disorder. Veterinary clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v.40, n.2, p.205–210, 2010.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.