MAIN DRIVING FACTORS INFLUENCING PASSAGE KINETICS IN RUMINANTS
Palavras-chave:
Marcadores, métodos, ruminantes, taxa de passagem, tempo médio de retençãoResumo
Tempo médio de retenção (TMR) é um ponto chave na avaliação de alimentos. Taxa de passagem (kp) e TMR pode ser afetada por diversos fatores. Em geral, pode ser classificada como fatores dependente do animal ou da dieta. Além disso, marcadores e métodos são aspectos centrais de divergência com relação ao procedimento para estimar kp e TMR em ruminantes. Portanto, o objetivo desse artigo foi revisar os principais fatores e o conhecimento atual relacionado aos marcadores e ao método direto usado para determinar kp e MRT em ruminantes.
Referências
ALLEN, M.S.; MERTENS, D.R. Evaluating constraints on fiber digestion by rumen microbes. Journal of Nutrition, v.118, n.2, p.261–270, 1988.
AHVENJÄRVI, S.; VANHATALO, A.; SHINGFIELD, K.J.; HUHTANEN, P. Determination of digesta flow entering the omasal canal of dairy cows using different marker systems. British Journal of Nutrition, v.90, p.41-52, 2003.
AHVENJÄRVI, S.; VANHATALO A.; STEFANSKI, T.; HUHTANEN, P. Fibre digestion in different segments of the digestive tract of dairy cows fed grass silage based diets. Pages 199-201. Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Feed Science Conference, SLU Repro, Uppsala, Sweden. p.199-201, 2010.
BAYAT, A.R; RINNE, M.; KUOPPALA, K.; AHVENJÄRVI, S.; VANHATALO, A.; HUHTANEN, P. Ruminal large and small particle kinetics in dairy cows fed red clover and grass silages harvested at two stages of growth. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v.155, p.86-98, 2010.
CANNAS, A.; VAN SOEST, P.J. Simple allometric models to predict rumen feed passage rate in domestic ruminants. In: MCNAMARA, J.P.; FRANCE, J. ; BEEVER, D.E. Modelling nutrient utilization in farm animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 2000. Chapter 4, p.49-62.
CANNAS, A.; VAN SOEST, P. J.; PELL, A.N. Use of animal and dietary information to predict rumen turnover. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v.106, p.95-117, 2003.
COMBS, D.K.; SHAVER, R.D.; SATTER, L.D. Retention of rare-earths by hay particles following incubation in fresh or autoclaved rumen fluid. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v.75, p.132-139, 1992.
COFFEY, K.P.; PATERSON, J.A.; SAUL, C.S.; COFFEY, L.S.; TURNER, K.E.; BOWMAN, J.G. The influence of pregnancy and source of supplemental protein on intake, digestive kinetics and amino acid absorption by ewes. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v.67, p.1805-1814, 1989.
COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (CSIRO). Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock: Ruminants. Melbourne, 1990. 266p.
CLAUSS, M.; SCHWARM, A.; ORTMANN, S.; STREICH W.J.; HUMMEL, J. A case of non-scaling in mammalian physiology? Body size, digestive capacity, food intake, and ingesta passage in mammalian herbivores. Comparative Biochemistry and PhysiologyA-Physiology, v.148, p.249-265, 2007.
CRONJE, P.B. Ruminant physiology In: Digestion, metabolism, growth and reproduction. New York, CABI Publishing. 2000, p.1-6.
DEMMENT, M.W.; VAN SOEST, P.J. Body size, digestive capacity, and feeding strategies of herbivores. Winrock International Livesock Research & Training Center, Morrilton, Arkansas. 1983.
DIAS, R.S.; PATINO, H.O.; LÓPEZ, S.; PRATES, E.; SWANSON, K.C.; FRANCE, J. Relationships between chewing behavior, digestibility, and digesta passage kinetics in steers fed oat hay at restricted and ad libitum intakes. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v.89, p.1873-1880, 2011.
DOREAU, M.; MICHALET-DOREAU, B.; GRIMAUD, P.; ATTI, N.; NOZIERE P. Consequences of underfeeding on digestion and absorption in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, Amsterdam, v.49, p.289-301, 2003.
DOREAU, M.; MICHALET-DOREAU, B.; BECHET, G. Effect of underfeeding on digestion in cows. Interaction with rumen degradable N supply. Livestock Production Science, Amsterdam, v.88, p.33-41, 2004.
DOWNES, A.M.; MCDONALD, I.W. Chromium-51 complex of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as soluble rumen marker. British Journal of Nutrition, v.18, p.153-162, 1964.
EHLE, F.R., BAS, F.; BARNO, B.; MARTIN, R.; LEONE, F. Particulate rumen turnover rate measurements as influenced by density of passage marker. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v.67, p.2910-2913, 1984.
ELLIS, W.C.; MATIS, J.H.; HILL, T.M.; MURPHY, M.R. Methodology for estimating digestion and passage kinetics of forages. In: Fahey Jr., G.C. (Ed.) Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 1994. p.682-756.
ELLIS, W.C., POPPI, D.P.; MATIS, J.H.; LIPPKE, H.; HILL, T.M.; ROUQUETTE, F.M. Dietary-digestive-metabolic interactions determing the nutritive potential of ruminant diets. In: Nutrition and Ecology of Herbivores. American Society of Animal Science, p.423-481, 1999.
ELLIS, W.C.; WYLIE, M.J.; MATIS, J.H. Validity of specifically applied rare earth elements and compartmental models for estimating flux of undigested plant tissue residues through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v.80, p.2753-2758, 2002.
FAICHNEY, G.J.; WHITE, G.A. Rates of passage of solutes, microbes and particulate matter through the gastro-intestinal tract of ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, v.39, p.481–492, 1988.
FAICHNEY, G.J. Digesta flow. In: J. Dijkstra, M. Forbes, and J. France, 2nd ed. Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. Chapeter 3, p.49-86.
FAHEY, G.C.; JUNG, H.G. Lignin as a marker in digestive studies: a review. Journal of Animal Science, v.57, p.220-225, 1983.
FRANCE J.; SIDDONS, R.C. Determination of digesta flow by continuous marker infusion. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v.121, p.105–119, 1986.
GORDON, I.J.; ILLIUS, A.W. The functional significance of the browser-grazer dichotomoy in African ruminants. Oecologia, v.98, p.167-175, 1994.
GOETSCH, A.L.; GALYEAN, M.L. Effect of dietary concentrate level on rumen fluid dilution rate. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v.62, p.649-652, 1982.
HACKMANN, T.J.; SPAIN, J.N. Ruminant ecology and evolution: Perspectives useful to ruminant livestock research and production. Journal of Dairy Science, v.93, p.1320-1334, 2010.
HOOPER, A.P.; WELCH, J.G. Effects of particle size and forage composition on functional specific gravity. Journal of Dairy Science, v.68, p.1181-1188, 1985.
HOOVER, W.H. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. Journal of Dairy Science, v.69, p.2755-2766, 1986.
HOFMANN, R.R. Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and iversification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia, v.78, p.443-457, 1989.
HUHTANEN, P.; ASIKAINEN, U.; ARKKILA, M.; JAAKKOLA, S. Cell wall digestion and passage kinetics estimated by marker and in situ methods or by rumen evacuations in cattle fed hay 2 or 18 times daily. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v.133, p, 206-227, 2007.
HUHTANEN, P.; AHVENJÄRVI, S.; WEISBJERG, M.R.; NØRGAARD, P. Digestion and passage of fibre in ruminants. In: K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelpund, and M.O. Nielsen, ed. Ruminant Physiology. Wageningen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. Pages 87–135, 2006.
HUHTANEN, P.; KUKKONEN, U. Comparison of methods, markers, sampling sites and models for estimating digesta passage kinetics in cattle fed at 2 levels of intake. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.52, p.141-158, 1995.
HUHTANEN, P.; KAUSTELL, K.; JAAKKOLA, S. The use of internal markers to predict total digestibility and duodenal flow of nutrients in cattle given six different diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v.48, p.211-227, 1994.
ILLIUS, A.W.; GORDON, I.J. Modeling the nutritional ecology of ungulate herbivores: evolution of body size and competitive interactions. Oecologia, v.89, p.428-434, 1992.
LEITE, R.F.; KRIZSAN, S.J.; FIGUEIREDO, F.O.M.; CARVALHO, V.B.; TEIXEIRA, I.A.M.A.; HUHTANEN, P. Retention time of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of growing Saanen goats. Journal of Animal Science, v.93, p.3969-3978, 2015.
KRÄMER, M.; LUND, P.; WEISBJERG, M.R. Rumen passage kinetics of forage- and concentrate-derived fiber in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v.96, p.3163–3176, 2013.
KRIZSAN, S.J.; RINNE, M.; NYHOLM, L.; HUHTANEN, P. New recommendations for the ruminal in situ determinationof indigestible neutral detergent fibre. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.205, p.31-41, 2015.
KRIZSAN, S.J.; AHVENJÄRVI, S.; HUHTANEN, P. A meta-analysis of passage rate estimated by rumen evacuation with cattle and evaluation of passage rate prediction models. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v.93, p.5890-5901, 2010.
LESCOAT, P.; SAUVANT, D., Development of a mechanistic model for rumen digestion validated using the duodenal flux of amino acids. Reproduction Nutrition and Development, v.35, p.45–70, 1995.
LUND, P. The effect of forage type on passage kinetics and digestibility of fibre in dairy cows. 2002. 171p. PhD Thesis. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
MACEDO JUNIOR G.L.; BENEVIDES Y.I.; CAMPOS, W.E.; BORGES, I; RODRIGUEZ, N.M.; FERREIRA, D.A. Consumo, digestibilidade e taxa de passagem ruminal em ovelhas gestantes. Ci. Anim. Bras., Goiania, v.13, n.4, p.429-439, 2012.
MERTENS, D.R. Regulation of Forage Intake. In: Fahey Jr. G.C., M Collins, D. R. Mertens and L. E, Moser (eds.). Forage quality, evaluation, and utilization. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society in America, Madison, WI. 1994, p.450-493.
MÜLLER, D.W.H.; CODRON, D.; MELORO, C.; MUNN, M.; SCHWARM, A. Assessing the Jarman-Bell Principle: scaling of intake, digestibility, retention time and gut fill with body mass in mammalian herbivores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, v.164, p.129-140 2013.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. Washington, D.C. 2007, 362p.
OKINE, E.K.; MATHISON, G.W. Reticular contraction attributes and passage of digesta from the ruminoreticulum in cattle fed roughage diets. Journal of Animal Science, v.69, p.2177–2186, 1991.
OWENS, F.N.; GOETSCH, A.L. Digesta passage and microbial protein synthesis. In: Milligan, L.P., Grovum, W.L., Dobson, A. (Eds.), Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1986, p.196-223.
OWENS, F.N.; HANSON, C.F. External and internal markers for appraising site and extent of digestion in ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science, v.75, p.2605–2617, 1992.
PALOHEIMO, L.; MÄKELÄ, A. Further studies on the retention time of food in the digestive tract of cows. Acta Agralia Fenniae, v.94, p.15-39, 1959.
PENNING, P.D.; JOHNSON, R.H. The use of internal markers to estimate herbage intake and digestibility. 1. Indigestible acid detergent fibre. Journal of Agricultural Science, v.100, p.133-138, 1983.
POPPI, D.P.; ELLIS, W.C.; MATIS, J.H.; LASCANO, C.E. Marker concentration patterns oflabelled lear and stern particles in the rumen of cattle grazing bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) analysed by reference to a draft model. British Journal of Nutrition, London, v.85, p.553-563, 2001.
POPPI, D.B.; NORTON, B.W.; MINSON, D.J.; HENDRICKSEN, R.W. The validity of the critical particle size theory for particles leaving the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge v.94, p.275-280, 1980.
ROBINSON, P.J.; TAMMINGA, S; VAN VUUREN, A. M. Influence of declining level of feed intake and varying proportion of starch in the concentrate on rumen ingesta quantity, composition and kinetics of ingesta turnover in dairy cows. Livestock Production Science, Amsterdam, v.17, p.37-62, 1987.
SEO, S.; LANZAS, C.; TEDESCHI, L.O.; FOX, D.G. Development of a mechanistic model to represent the dynamics of liquid flow out of the rumen and to predict the rate of passage of liquid in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v.90, p.840-855, 2007.
SIDDONS, R.C.; PARADINE, J.; BEEVER, D.E.; CORNELL, P.R. Ytterbium acetate as a particulate-phase digesta-flow marker. British Journal of Nutrition, London, v.54, p.509-519, 1985.
STEUER, P., SÜDEKUM, K.; MÜLLER, D W.H.; FRANZ, R.; KAADORP, J.; CLAUSS, M.; HUMMEL, J. Is there an influence of body mass on digesta mean retention time in herbivores? A comparative study of ungulates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, v.160, p.355-364, 2011.
SUTHERLAND, T.M.; ELLIS, W.C.; REID, R.S.; MURRAY, M.G. A method of circulating and sampling the rumen contents of sheep fed on ground, pelleted foods. British Journal of Nutrition, London, v.16, p.603, 1962.
SUTHERLAND, T.M. Particle separation in the forestomach of sheep. In: Dobson, A., Dobson, M.J. (Eds.), Aspects of Digestive Physiology in Ruminants. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 1988, p.43-73.
TAMMINGA, S.; ROBINSON, P.H.; VOGT, H.; BOER, H. Rumen ingesta kinetics of cell wall components in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v.25, p.89–98, 1989.
TITGEMEYER, E.C. Design and interpretation of nutrient digestion studies. Journal of Animal Science, v.75, p.2235-2247, 1997.
TROELSEN, J.E.; CAMPBELL, J.B. Voluntary consumption of forage by sheep and its relation to the size and shape of particles in the digestive tract. Animal Production, v.10, p.289-305, 1968.
UDÉN, P., COLUCCI, P.E.; VAN SOEST, P.J. Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as digesta flow markers in the rate of passage studies. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, v. 31, n.7, p.625-632, 1980.
VAN SOEST, P.J.; FRANCE, J.; SIDDONS, R.C. On the steady-state turnover of compartments in the ruminant gastrointestinal-tract. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v.159, p.135-145, 1992.
VAN SOEST, P.J. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, Cornell University Press, 2nd ed., Ithaca New York. 1994, 476p.
WALZ, L.S.; ELLIS, W.C.; WHITE, T.W.; MATIS, J.H.; BATEMAN, H.G.; WILLIAMS, C.C.; FERNANDEZ, J.M.; GENTRY, L.R. Flow paths of plant tissue residues and digesta through gastrointestinal segments in Spanish goats and methodological considerations. Journal of Animal Science, v.82, p.508-520. 2004.
WARNER, D. Passage of feed in dairy cows. 2013. 165p. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherland.
WARNER, D.; DIJKSTRA, J.; HENDRIKS, W.H.; PELLIKAAN, W.F. Stable isotope- labelled feed nutrients to assess nutrient-specific feed passage kinetics in ruminants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v.94, p.819-824. 2014.
WELCH, J.G. Rumination, particle sizes and passage from the rumen. Journal of Animal Science, v.54, p.885-894, 1982.
WESTON, R.H. Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 11. The effect of pregnancy and early lactation on the digestion of a medium-quality roughage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, v.39, p.659-669, 1988.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.