Occursus - Revista de Filosofia

Contributions of Ludwig Feuerbach’s Philosophy for a Marxian Ontology

Aldenir Costa da Silva Júnior — 2024-09-06

The Ludwig Feuerbach's (1804 - 1872) critique of speculative tradition and his project of a philosophy of the future, whose way of proceeding to conceive human beings and nature in their entirety, opened the way to new possibilities within philosophy. Feuerbach's overcoming of speculative problems made possible the rise of a new materialism, different from modern vulgar mechanism, and capable of leading the philosophical effort towards the real problems of Man. The construction of a new philosophy by Feuerbach is one of the foundations for the development and course of thought by Karl Marx (1818 - 1883).

Freud and the discovery of the unconscious:

Ana Luiza Barbosa Caires — 2024-09-06

This article aims to examine the Freudian perspective on the narcissistic wounds that have shaken humanity and the relevance of the concept of the unconscious for understanding human psychic functioning. The key argument is that narcissistic wounds, resulting from scientific events that shook certainties that prevailed in humanity, have a profound impact on the individual's relationship with themselves and the world. To achieve this objective, the article adopts a theoretical approach, based on bibliographic research, using texts by Sigmund Freud as primary sources and works from psychoanalytic commentators as secondary sources. In conclusion, the article highlights the importance of considering not only the rational dimension of the human being, so defended by modern philosophy, but also the unconscious dimension, which does not function under the rules of rational consciousness. Therefore, a critical reflection is proposed on the influence of the unconscious and what Freud calls the third narcissistic wound of humanity, which dethrones rationality as the primordial element that responds for the human being.

Immanence and ethics in the philosophy of Benedictus de Spinoza

Esthella de Carvalho Santos — 2024-09-06

This article analyzes the main aspects of Spinozist philosophy, above all, its relationship with immanence and how this relationship enabled the development of a new concept of reality that differs from the concepts defended by traditional philosophies. In his book entitled Ethics, Spinoza presents us with an interpretation of the idea of Reality that escapes the dualist and mechanistic theological framework marked by Descartes, inaugurating a worldview based on the totality of the relationship between entities.

The hypothetical method in Platonic thought

Francisco Gabriel Marques de Almeida Caroba — 2024-09-06

This paper aims to provide the reader with a general outline of the hypothetical method in Plato, more specifically in the works in which the philosopher discusses this method in greater detail and depth. Not only that, but it also applies the hypothetical method in Plato: the Ménon, the Fédon and, in particular, the Republic. We say "in particular" because the treatment of this research methodology differs from the other two dialogues. On the one hand, we have the hypothetical method in its own right, as we see in all three dialogues. On the other hand, we have a question about what the function of the hypothetical method is for philosophical research and what it means for Philosophy as a Science, where we see this question being further developed in the Republic, which is where our exposition will culminate. In this sense, this essay aims to offer an approach to the hypothetical argument so that we can see the importance of this method for Plato, by treating it in its advantages and logical and epistemological limits that are intrinsic to them, as well as making us see the direct dialog that the Athenian philosopher had with "mathematics".

Kierkegaard by Sartre: the trans-historical

Francisco Nicolau Araújo — 2024-09-06

This research aims to highlight the influence that Kierkegaard had on Sartre's existentialism through an analysis of what trans-historical is. To this end, we examined the text The Singular Universal, which is an article by Sartre that is not widely disseminated, despite having been presented in the famous colloquium - Kierkegaard Vivo. It is worth highlighting that the concept that will be addressed here is located on the same theoretical horizon as one of the themes most sensitive to the existentialist philosopher's theses, namely, History. Furthermore, in the aforementioned writing, it is evident that Sartre, when recording the Dane's philosophy, discusses the notion of understanding to criticize the interpretation that reduces the ontophenomenological character of the freedom inherent to the human condition, which as a category of singular universal, is found in a perspective rooted in trans-historical, defined as that which can be in History, but which cannot be determined by the objectification of knowledge.

The person's concept in John Stuart Mill:

Henor Luiz dos Reis Hoffmann — 2024-09-06

The objective of the article is to present the Millian concept of the person, opposing Baschet's criticism to the modern conception of the individual in Bodies and Souls: A history of the person in the Middle Ages. The first part presents the problem and object to be investigated. Then, the dimension of Mill's individualism and its compatibility with the social aspect are analyzed. Next, the vision of free debate between individuals in Millian thought and intersubjective relationships is developed. I conclude that Mill conceives a concept of person that integrates individual autonomy with the social, that is, relational, dimension.

Between mystical experience and delusion: An encounter of Psychoanalysis with the Philosophy of Religion

Isadora Baldi Pastore — 2024-09-06

The present article aims to clarify, through the perspectives of psychoanalysis and the philosophy of religion, a differentiation between mystical experience and religious delusion. To achieve this, we will delve into classical psychoanalytic authors, drawing on clinical cases and correlating them with philosophy to find broader answers to our inquiries. We will employ a conceptual analysis for this purpose. According to psychoanalysis, mystical experience can be seen as a product of unconscious desires and fantasies that seek to satisfy deep psychological needs or as an attempt to encounter the absolute and transcendence, which manifests in the psychic structure of the individual. However, these experiences can also be delusional manifestations that need careful differentiation between healthy, hysterical, or psychotic experiences. In philosophy, there is a quest for a broader understanding of religious and mystical language, emphasizing its unique nature and the challenge of communicating these experiences beyond the limitations of language. This involves questioning false beliefs and exploring possible true beliefs regarding the subject.

The attribution of madness to women as an instrument of social control and domination

Jaciara Boldrini França — 2024-09-06

From the analysis of the History of Madness, elaborated by Foucault, the article sought to understand madness as a social fact used as an instrument of power. Based on the archeology of knowledge, how madness was understood throughout history was covered, passing from sacred, in the Middle Age, to being seen as mental alienation in the classical age and, later, with the dawn of the Enlightenment, based on scientific knowledge, understood as a mental illness. From the historical context, it was analyzed how gender issues are articulated with the understanding of madness, specifically, in its attribution to women and the social control exercised over it. It started from the conclusion that madness is used as social control, attributed more strongly to women as an instrument of silencing and domination, to act on their subjectivity.

The radicalization of democracy under the Habermasian perspective of civil disobedience

João Francisco de Siqueira Rodrigues — 2024-09-06

Civil disobedience is a political phenomenon with a large practical and theoretical tradition. Among the authors who paid attention to this issue, Habermas sustains a fair place for this kind of non-violent insurrection within the democratic constitutional state. In our view, the originality of the Habermasian approach to civil disobedience is due to his theory of discourse. With this approach in mind, civil disobedience shows off as a non-institutional way to radicalize democracy, as well as a source through which is possible to update constitutional principles and to renew society’s moral and political perspectives.

A teoria estética de Baudelaire

Luana Kimberly Madruga Almeida — 2024-09-06

Este artigo tem como objeto analisar de forma sucinta a teoria estética de Charles Baudelaire em meio ao seu contexto histórico, e como o poeta fundamenta sua teoria estética de arte e beleza em meio ao que ele determina por modernismo. Iniciaremos nossa investigação com uma breve introdução a respeito do autor e seu contexto. A seguir veremos, brevemente, o que Baudelaire entende por beleza, arte, moda, etc. Consoante a isso, nossa investigação se estenderá a Baudelaire e a modernidade, e como esse período tão característico determina o pensamento do autor. Ademais, veremos a posição e influência de Baudelaire diante do movimento a arte pela arte. Por fim, apresentaremos a conclusão de nossa investigação, e como o poeta apresenta noções de interesse à Filosofia, ao tratar conceitos estéticos em suas obras.

The moral and ontological problem of Augustinian evil in free will

Matheus da Silva de Morais — 2024-09-06

This article aims to present the resolution to the problem of evil, from a moral and ontological point of view, in Augustine's work De libero arbítrio. Firstly, going through Augustine's relationship with the problem of evil, a brief exposition of the Manichaean doctrine is made to further elucidate the fact that the work being worked on is anti-Manichaean. Subsequently, an exposition of moral evil is presented and, finally, the possibility of thinking about the ontology of evil in De libero aribitrio, which is, in the end, the basis for the resolution of moral evil.

Youths perceptions: relationship with consumption and consumerism

Rafael Sacovicz — 2024-09-06

Consumption is a necessary practice for human survival, however, capitalism has reconfigured it to represent values and meanings and encourage the unbridled consumption of products. This article investigates the understanding of young people about relations with consumption and consumerism, raising factors that determine and distinguish consumer and young consumerist relationships and identify its main impacts, especially for the continuity of life on the planet and the emotional health risk.The research, qualitative in nature, initially used as methodological procedure a bibliographic survey on the concepts discussed in the text and the organization of a focus group with six university students aged between 22 and 28 years.

Occursus - Revista de Filosofia - V9N1 - Jan./Jun. 2024

Editores — 2024-09-06

The indeterminations of the Lula Government

Manuel Bezerra Neto — 2024-09-06

The aim of this essay is to outline an analysis of the first year of the Lula Government, in light of its challenges and internal contradictions.

Considerations on the concept of just war in the context of Palestine

Matheus de Sousa Paula Sarmento — 2024-09-06

In this essay we will work on the notion of Just War by the Spanish philosopher and theologian Francisco de Vitória. This concept aimed to construct an argument for war that would allow it to be admitted both in the field of Reason and in Christian theological perspectives. After presenting this concept, as well as historically contextualizing its author, we will relate it to the contemporary issue of Palestine and, in particular, to the massacre carried out by Israel in the Gaza Strip after October 7, 2023. This work is both a brief reflection on the ideas of a little talked about thinker as well as an analytical exercise on a current and pertinent issue: the Palestine issue.

The instrumentalization of philosophy for the purpose of social training

Renato B. Roman — 2024-09-06

In 2008, Law No. 11,684 reinstated Philosophy as a mandatory subject in high school. However, this initiative, although commendable at first sight, may imply a weakening of its reflective and critical essence. In classrooms, the discipline is often limited to a mere historical exposition of thinkers and schools of thought, while on social networks, reductionism prevails due to factors such as likes, shares and visibility. This essay seeks to debate the impact of mandatory Philosophy in the school curriculum and its appropriation as content on social networks, both to strengthen and improve its reflective and critical nature.

Occursus - Revue de philosophie - V9N1 - Jan./Jun. 2024

Editores — 2024-09-06